Experimental Investigations on Penetration of Radioactive Chromium (Cr&lt;sup&gt;51&lt;/sup&gt;) through the Skin

Czernielewski, A; Brykalski, D; Depczyk, D

doi:10.1159/000254498

Cited by 8 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…However, the basal and suprabasal cells showed only extracellular and plasma membrane localization with- Table 2. Skin absorption of chromium in guinea pigs using percent of dose in organs and excreta as end points (15 bo0.5 N NaOH, three times daily for 1 week. out intracellular penetration of chromium.…”

Section: Skin Permeationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skin permeation and cutaneous hypersensitivity as a basis for making risk assessments of chromium as a soil contaminant.

Bagdon

Hazen

1991

Environ Health Perspect

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A literature review of experimental and human exposure studies of skin permeation and cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions evoked by chromium was carried out to provide a basis for making a risk assessment of chromium as a soil contaminant. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that 1 to 4% of the applied dose of hexavalent and trivalent chromium to guinea pig skin penetrated skin within 5 to 24 hr after application. Ultrastructural investigations showed that hexavalent chromium localized intracellularly and extracellularly in the upper layers of guinea pig epidermis. Only minute quantities of hexavalent chromium are required to elicit a positive hypersensitivity reaction in susceptible individuals; using a patch dose of 20 micrograms, only 2 micrograms were required to evoke a positive skin reaction in hypersensitive subjects. The potential of hexavalent chromium to produce a skin sensitization reaction is readily demonstrated using animal models. The incidence and characteristics of chromium-induced skin hypersensitivity as a clinical entity are described. A health effects survey of populations exposed to chromium slag in soil in Tokyo, Japan extending over 8 years indicated a tendency toward symptoms characterized as headache, chronic fatigue, and gastrointestinal complaints, positive occult blood tests, minute hematuria and albuminuria suggestive of incipient renal disease, and a tendency toward an increase in contact dermatitis that was seasonally related. Multicenter patch test titration studies in human subjects using an incidence of positive patch tests of 10% or less showed that the threshold for skin hypersensitivity reactions to hexavalent chromium was determined to be of the order 0.001%, equivalent to 10 ppm or 10 mg/kg or 10 mg/L.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Section: Skin Permeationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skin permeation and cutaneous hypersensitivity as a basis for making risk assessments of chromium as a soil contaminant.

Bagdon

Hazen

1991

Environ Health Perspect

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“…The current concept is that trivalent chromiimi readily complexes with proteins in the skin and so does not penetrate easily (Anderson,i960). Hexavalent chromium does not form complexes with organic substances but readily penetrates the epidermis to the dermis (Mali et al, 1964;Czernilewski et al, 1965). Indeed trivalent chromium penetrates 10,000 times less (Spruit & Neer, 1966).…”

Section: Contact Dermatitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Chromium and the Skin

Burrows¹

1978

Br J Dermatol

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Ultrastructural cytochemical visualization of chromium in the skin of sensitized guinea pigs

1988

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Using a modified sulfide silver method for electron microscopy, the intraepidermal and intracellular localization of epicutaneously applied potassium dichromate was investigated at varying times in sensitized and nonsensitized guinea pigs. The hapten penetrated rapidly into the epidermis. There was a homogeneous extra- and intracellular staining of the keratinocytes in the upper epidermis. The basal and suprabasal cells, by contrast, exhibited a predominant extracellular and plasma membrane localization of the silver grains. This membrane staining pattern was also observed in the Langerhans cells showing cellular and endocytotic activation in the sensitized animals. No specific cellular uptake of the hapten by the Langerhans cells was found. These results demonstrate that the epicutaneous application of chromate resulted in a characteristic intraepidermal distribution which may be related to the epidermal conversion of the hexavalent chromate to the immunogenic trivalent form. Moreover, the absent intracellular localization of the hapten in the activated Langerhans cells supports the notion that contact allergens can be presented to T cells without prior intracellular processing.

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Experimental Investigations on Penetration of Radioactive Chromium (Cr<sup>51</sup>) through the Skin

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Skin permeation and cutaneous hypersensitivity as a basis for making risk assessments of chromium as a soil contaminant.

Skin permeation and cutaneous hypersensitivity as a basis for making risk assessments of chromium as a soil contaminant.

Chromium and the Skin

Ultrastructural cytochemical visualization of chromium in the skin of sensitized guinea pigs

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