Experimental investigations of extinguishing sodium pool fires using modified expandable graphite powders

Zhang, Meilin; Dong, Xia; Tang, Yan; Huang, An‐Chi; Chen, Fang; Kang, Qing-Chun; Zhong-jun, Shu; Zhang, Xing

doi:10.1016/j.csite.2022.101911

Cited by 11 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Future research could compare AVD with the cellulose-flake based technology described in this paper. Additionally, direct field trial comparisons with expandable graphite [21] could be made. In this work, a preliminary feasibility was to be demonstrated.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(a) (b) As Figure 7 (left) shows, the flames were more than 3 m high, due to the intensifying effect of the burning Mg. The test setup was intended to mimic burning magnesium parts in a real-life scenario, e.g., from battery casings inside a car (compare [21]). In Figure 7 (right), one can see that the flames have vanished and that cellulose flakes are lying on the ground behind the car.…”

Section: Practical Trialmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Controlling Metal Fires through Cellulose Flake Blanketing Followed by Water Spray Cooling

Hagauer¹,

MATLSCHWEIGER²,

Tippelreither³

et al. 2022

Fire

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The traditional methods of fighting metal fires are not always safe for firefighters. The sand and salts that are thrown onto the fire to suffocate the flames can lead to splashes of molten metal, putting the firefighters and the surroundings at risk. A novel process is described where magnesium fires are brought under control using a simple two-step process. First, coated cellulose flakes, which contain approx. 30% inorganic salts, are blown onto the fire from a distance of several meters. Due to its low bulk density, the material settles smoothly on the fire and immediately covers the flames for several seconds. Before the hot metal can break through this cover, a fine water spray is applied to the fire. The water spray wets the top layer of the cellulose flakes, which will begin to char from the bottom. The water evaporates from within the cellulose flake layer and withdraws heat. It was observed that no hydrogen is formed and that this technique can safely control fires. It is judged that 90 kg of flakes could safely bring a pile of 75 kg of burning Mg flakes under control. By using a pneumatic conveying unit for the flakes, firefighters can effectively and efficiently cover the flames from a safe distance. This novel method could be recommended to firefighters in industrial magnesium processing plants, as well as local firefighters in the vicinity of such plants.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Practical Trialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controlling Metal Fires through Cellulose Flake Blanketing Followed by Water Spray Cooling

Hagauer¹,

MATLSCHWEIGER²,

Tippelreither³

et al. 2022

Fire

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show abstract

“…The temperature fluctuations observed during the combustion of sodium were carefully monitored by employing three thermocouples, strategically positioned above the sodium pool. This enabled the acquisition of real-time thermal output data, which played a crucial role in evaluating the efficacy of the fire control techniques being investigated [17,18].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Approach Study on the Thermal and Calorimetric Analysis of Fire-Extinguishing Powders

Huang,

Cao,

2024

Safety

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This study offers a comprehensive evaluation of the effectiveness of expansible graphite (EG) and potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3) in suppressing metal fires, which are known for their high intensity and resistance. Our assessment, utilizing thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), revealed that compositions of EG–KHCO3 can endure temperatures of up to 350 °C, indicating their thermal resilience. The 3:1 EG–KHCO3 mixture demonstrated exceptional performance in fire suppression tests by extinguishing sodium flames in a mere 20 s, using approximately 50 g of the agent. This highlights a substantial improvement in efficiency. In addition, FTIR analysis identified important gaseous compounds released during decomposition, while XRD and SEM techniques confirmed the advantageous insertion of KHCO3 into the EG matrix, enhancing its resistance to heat and chemical reactions. The mixture with a ratio of 3:1 also demonstrated a higher cooling rate of 2.34 °C/s within the temperature range of 350 to 200 °C. The results emphasize the potential of EG–KHCO3 compositions, specifically in a 3:1 ratio, for efficient fire management by integrating fire suppression, heat resistance, and quick cooling. Subsequent investigations will prioritize the evaluation of these compositions across different circumstances and the assessment of their environmental and industrial viability.

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Thermal hazard assessment by TGA, DSC, and ARC experimental and simulated thermokinetic approaches for trinitrophloroglucinol

Liu

Zhou

Tang

et al. 2022

J Therm Anal Calorim

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Experimental investigations of extinguishing sodium pool fires using modified expandable graphite powders

Cited by 11 publications

References 27 publications

Controlling Metal Fires through Cellulose Flake Blanketing Followed by Water Spray Cooling

Controlling Metal Fires through Cellulose Flake Blanketing Followed by Water Spray Cooling

A Comparative Approach Study on the Thermal and Calorimetric Analysis of Fire-Extinguishing Powders

Thermal hazard assessment by TGA, DSC, and ARC experimental and simulated thermokinetic approaches for trinitrophloroglucinol

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