Experimental Investigation to Optimize the Manufacturing Parameters of Ankle–Foot Orthoses Using Composite and Titanium Nanoparticles

Abstract

The optimum structural characteristics of lamination materials used in the fabrication of prosthetic and orthotic parts were investigated in this work. Optimization was chosen based on high yields, ultimate stresses, and bending stress properties. The ideal materials were determined through the use of an RSM (response surface methodology) which considers three factors: Perlon reinforcement, a layer of glass fiber, and the percentage of titanium nanoparticles combined with the matrix laminating resin. The RSM approach suggests thirteen samples by manipulating two variables: the Ti nano percentage and the number of Perlon layers. Laminating materials, defined by RSM methods and treated with a vacuum system, were submitted to a series of tests. The ideal lamination material was compared with the laminations from the initial study through the use of tensile, flexural, and fatigue testing according to ASTM standards. Tests carried out using version 10.0.2 of Design Expert software showed that, compared with the 12 other laminations, the one with 10 Perlon layers and 0.75 percent Ti nano had the highest overall yield and ultimate and bending loads. Fatigue eventually showed that stamina tension constraints were applied for optimal lamination, compared to ten Perlon lamination layers. We additionally tested the fatigue life of the best material and compared it with the available materials used at prosthetics and orthotics centers.