Experimental investigation on the effect of vapor environment on the pattern evolutions during sessile water droplet evaporation at low pressures

Visualization of temperature distribution and flow behavior in water evaporation using water‐soluble spiropyran

“…Both thermocapillary and buoyancy convection are two crucial types of thermal flows. [1][2][3] Thermal flows play a significant role in various industrial manufacturing processes, including buoyant colloids aggregation, [4][5][6] droplet evaporation, 1,7,8 microfluidics smart valves, 9 and optofluidic applications. 10 Specifically, it is nonnegligible for driving forces (buoyancy and Marangoni forces) that induced thermal convection, which may change the water surface thermal field distribution and significantly affect the evaporation process.…”

“…Evaporation process induces the occurrence of thermal flow on the surface and inside of fluid. Both thermocapillary and buoyancy convection are two crucial types of thermal flows 1–3 . Thermal flows play a significant role in various industrial manufacturing processes, including buoyant colloids aggregation, 4–6 droplet evaporation, 1,7,8 microfluidics smart valves, 9 and optofluidic applications 10 .…”

“…(1) The liquid inside the container is considered incompressible and its density is a function of temperature;(2) The surface tension of the interface is a linear function of temperature; (3) The gas-liquid interface is assumed to be non-deformable.F I G U R E 1 Isomerization and optical properties of the BS-SP 1 system. (A) Molecular structures of BS-SP 1 , NSA-SP 1 , and BS-SP 2 .…”