“…Laser surface processing technology, including laser quenching, laser polishing, and laser alloying, etc., provides an efficient way to further improve the surface performance of titanium alloys, for example, hardness and wear resistance because of its high processing efficiency and local modification [1][2][3][4]. Owing to the generally high temperature produced by laser irradiation, unwanted grain growth occurs and thus degrades the performance of titanium alloys, such as corrosion and fatigue properties.…”