Experimental Investigation of the Influence of Engine Operating and Lubricant Oil Parameters on Sliding Bearing and Friction Behavior in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine

Abstract

In order to rise to global challenges such as climate change, environmental pollution and conservation of resources, internal combustion engine manufacturers must meet the requirements of substantially reduced emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases, zero pollutant emissions and increased durability. This publication addresses approaches that can help improve engine efficiency and durability through the engine crankshaft bearing and lubricant system. An understanding of the operating behavior of key engine components such as crankshaft main bearings in fired engine operation allows the development of appropriate tools for bearing condition monitoring and condition-based maintenance so as to avoid critical engine operation and engine failure as well as unnecessary engine downtime. Such tools are especially important when newly developed low viscosity oils are employed. Though these oils have the potential to reduce friction and to increase engine efficiency, their use comes with a higher risk of accelerated bearing wear and ultimately bearing failure. The specific target of this paper is therefore to obtain detailed knowledge of the influence of engine operating parameters and oil parameters on crankshaft main bearing temperature behavior and engine friction behavior in fired operation as a starting point for condition monitoring and condition-based maintenance approaches and as a basis for improving the bearing and lubricant system as a whole. To achieve this target, experimental investigations were carried out on an engine test bed employing an in-line six-cylinder heavy-duty diesel engine with a displacement of approximately 12.4 dm3. Defined and accurately reproducible engine operating conditions were ensured by comprehensive external conditioning systems for the coolant, lubricating oil, fuel, charge air and ambient air. Since the focus was on investigating the bearing and friction behavior by means of the base engine, several auxiliary systems were removed; these included the lubricating oil and coolant pumps, the front-end accessory drive and the generator. Each crankshaft main bearing was instrumented with a thermocouple on the back of its bottom bearing shell to measure the bearing temperature. Piezoelectric pressure transducers were applied to all six cylinders in order to facilitate the accurate determination of the friction mean effective pressure (FMEP) based on indicated and brake mean effective pressures. The variations in engine operating parameters (engine speed and torque) mainly serve as a reference for the variations in oil parameters. They confirm the existing knowledge that engine speed has a significant impact on FMEP and bearing temperature while the impact of engine torque is comparatively low. The variations in oil parameters reveal that lowering the viscosity grade from SAE 10W-40 to 5W-20 leads to a decrease in both bearing temperature and FMEP, which can be explained by the lower fluid friction in the bearing system and the increased mass flow and convective heat transport with the lower viscosity oil. An increase in the lubricating oil temperature at the engine inlet leads to a significant increase in bearing temperature and a decrease in FMEP; the former is explained by the increased heat influx from the lubricant oil, and the latter is caused mainly by the temperature dependency of the lubricant oil viscosity and its impact on fluid friction. The impact of engine oil inlet pressure on bearing temperature and FMEP is generally found to be low. The results will serve as the basis for future research that includes approaches to condition monitoring and evaluating improved engine operating strategies with regard to oil parameters.

Data-Driven Sliding Bearing Temperature Model for Condition Monitoring in Internal Combustion Engines

“…The additionally applied measurement technology, the experimental setup and the engine operating strategy are summarized below. A more detailed description of the experimental methodology can be found in [7].…”

“…Global issues such as climate change, environmental pollution and scarcity of resources are currently posing major challenges to engine manufacturers, who must meet the requirements of substantially reduced emissions of CO 2 and other greenhouse gases, elimination of pollutant emissions and increased service life of ICEs [3,4,6]. Because the development of entirely new ICE concepts requires extensive research and development work, engine manufactures are focusing on increasing the efficiency of existing ICE technology in the short term [7]. One possible solution employs newly developed low viscosity oils that have the potential to reduce friction and thus increase engine efficiency [7].…”

“…Because the development of entirely new ICE concepts requires extensive research and development work, engine manufactures are focusing on increasing the efficiency of existing ICE technology in the short term [7]. One possible solution employs newly developed low viscosity oils that have the potential to reduce friction and thus increase engine efficiency [7]. However, such oils in turn pose new challenges for sliding bearings in ICEs and their lubrication.…”

“…With the second category, information can be obtained about the condition of each individual bearing, and the signal quality is higher and transient response faster in case of a rapid change in bearing condition compared to measurement parameters acquired at a distance from the bearing [51,54]. At the same time, it likely requires a larger effort for instrumentation due to the restricted access to the bearings and the need to not influence bearing functionality [7]. In the existing literature, bearing temperature measurement with instruments such as thermocouples has proven to be a reliable, continuous, fast responding measurement method that is comparatively simple to apply [15,50,55].…”