Experimental investigation of technological conditions and temperature distribution in rubber material during microwave vulcanization process

Chen, Hailong; Li, Tao; Xing, Kai; Li, Kunling; Zhang, Mao-dong; Li, Qingling

doi:10.1007/s10973-017-6601-0

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Radiation sources include microwaves, infrared radiation, ultraviolet radiation, X‐rays, gamma rays, and electron beams (EBs). Microwaves, 1 ultraviolet radiation, 2 gamma rays, 3 and EBs 4 have been used for natural rubber (NR) vulcanization. Among these radiation sources, EBs are the most favorable system for NR vulcanization due to their low energy and time consumption, minimal pollution, and uniform crosslink density.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sulfur as an effective sensitizer for natural rubber vulcanized via electron beam irradiation

Purbaya,

Kobayashi,

Thamrongsiripak

et al. 2024

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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A sensitizer or crosslinking promoter must be utilized to improve electron beam irradiation (EBI) vulcanization and achieve optimal results. This work investigated the effect of sensitizers, that is, sulfur and trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TMPT), on the properties of EBI‐vulcanized natural rubber (NR). The experiments focused on analyzing the effect of different amounts of sensitizers, that is, 2 and 3 phr, on the swelling, crosslink density, entanglement, and mechanical properties of NR latex. A sample without sensitizers was taken as a reference. Results revealed that the crosslink density of the samples with sensitizers had improved compared with that of the sample without a sensitizer. The sample with sulfur exhibited higher crosslink density than the NR with TMPT. The sulfur‐containing NR exhibited superior mechanical properties, i.e., modulus, tensile strength, and tear strength, as its crosslink density increased. In addition, increasing the sulfur content reduced the crosslink density of the NR latex, resulting in inferior mechanical properties. Furthermore, the different forms, that is, latex and film, of NR were compared. The latex form revealed higher crosslink density than the film form, thus presenting high mechanical properties because it contained water, which could induce the formation of free radical species and enhance crosslinking.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sulfur as an effective sensitizer for natural rubber vulcanized via electron beam irradiation

Purbaya,

Kobayashi,

Thamrongsiripak

et al. 2024

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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“…Raw rubber can obtain excellent practical properties only after the vulcanisation process. Vulcanisation is the last and most important link in the production process of rubber products [1][2][3]. The properties of vulcanizate are critical to satisfying their applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of temperature and vulcanisation time on the thermal and mechanical properties of rubber used in tires

Chen

et al. 2023

Plastics, Rubber and Composites

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The thermal and mechanical properties of rubber used in tires were measured experimentally. The effect of temperature on the thermal properties and the effect of vulcanisation time on the mechanical properties are analyzed. The specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity both increase with increasing temperature, and the specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity are approximated as linear functions of temperature. The tensile strength, elongation at break and abrasion properties of vulcanizate are significantly affected by the vulcanisation time. As the vulcanisation time increases, the tensile strength first increases and then decreases, and the elongation at break changes with the vulcanisation time on the contrary. The wear volume of tread rubber first decreases and then increases with the increase of vulcanisation time. At the positive vulcanisation time, the tensile strength of the vulcanizate reached the maximum value, while the elongation at break and wear volume reached the minimum value.

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“…Compared with the traditional heating method, microwave energy can improve the heating efficiency, shorten processing time and protect the environment [5,6]. Just as a coin has two sides, it is difficult to avoid hotspots or thermal runaway [7,8] due to the non-uniform electromagnetic distribution in the resonant cavity. Ideally, the microwave heating process should be operated within the expected temperature profiles by optimizing the resonant cavity, mixing with a stirring rod and adjusting the incident power, whose precondition is to deeply understand the fundamental mechanism between the electromagnetic and thermodynamic fields [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Data-Driven Based Spatiotemporal Model Reduction for Microwave Heating Process with the Mixed Boundary Conditions

Zhong

Liang

2021

Processes

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In this paper, a data-driven based spatiotemporal model reduction approach is proposed for predicting the temperature distribution and developing the computation speeds in the microwave heating process. Due to the mixed boundary conditions, it is difficult for the traditional spectral method to directly obtain the analytical eigenfunctions. Motivated by the time/space separation theory, we first propose a general framework of spatiotemporal model reduction, which can effectively develop the computation speeds in the numerical analysis of multi-physical fields. Subsequently, the empirical eigenfunctions are generated by applying the Karhunen–Loève theory to decompose the snapshots. Then, the partial differential Equation (PDE) model is discretized into a class of recursive equations and transformed as the reduced-order ordinary differential Equation (ODE) model. Finally, the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed approach is demonstrated by a comparison study with a traditional method on the microwave heating Debye medium.

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Experimental investigation of technological conditions and temperature distribution in rubber material during microwave vulcanization process

Cited by 4 publications

References 25 publications

Sulfur as an effective sensitizer for natural rubber vulcanized via electron beam irradiation

Sulfur as an effective sensitizer for natural rubber vulcanized via electron beam irradiation

The effect of temperature and vulcanisation time on the thermal and mechanical properties of rubber used in tires

A Data-Driven Based Spatiotemporal Model Reduction for Microwave Heating Process with the Mixed Boundary Conditions

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