Experimental Investigation of Second-Harmonic Lamb Wave Generation in Additively Manufactured Aluminum

Vien, Benjamin Steven; Chiu, Wing Kong; Rose, L. R. F.

doi:10.1115/1.4040390

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…A three-dimensional laser vibrometer was used to obtain measurements of the in-plane and out-of-plane displacement components of Lamb waves in the plate. A piezoceramic disc element was used to selectively excite the A0 mode, and a transducer with an angle wedge was used to selectively excite the in-plane S0 mode [ 48 ]. To improve the signal-to-noise ratio of these measurements, retroreflective film was used over the scan paths, labelled 1–3 in Figure 4 a: route 1 was 80 mm in length, route 2 was 20 mm in length and adjacent to the LAMDA sensor, and route 3 was 20 mm in length and was over the LAMDA sensor.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modal Decomposition of Acoustic Emissions from Pencil-Lead Breaks in an Isotropic Thin Plate

Yao

Vien

Rajic

et al. 2023

Sensors

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Acoustic emission (AE) testing and Lamb wave inspection techniques have been widely used in non-destructive testing and structural health monitoring. For thin plates, the AEs arising from structural defect development (e.g., fatigue crack propagation) propagate as Lamb waves, and Lamb wave modes can be used to provide important information about the growth and localisation of defects. However, few sensors can be used to achieve the in situ wavenumber–frequency modal decomposition of AEs. This study explores the ability of a new multi-element piezoelectric sensor array to decompose AEs excited by pencil lead breaks (PLBs) on a thin isotropic plate. In this study, AEs were generated by out-of-plane (transverse) and in-plane (longitudinal) PLBs applied at the edge of the plate, and waveforms were recorded by both the new sensor array and a commercial AE sensor. Finite element analysis (FEA) simulations of PLBs were also conducted and the results were compared with the experimental results. To identify the wave modes present, the longitudinal and transverse PLB test results recorded by the new sensor array at five different plate locations were compared with FEA simulations using the same arrangement. Two-dimensional fast Fourier Transforms were then applied to the AE wavefields. It was found that the AE modal composition was dependent on the orientation of the PLB direction. The results suggest that this new sensor array can be used to identify the AE wave modes excited by PLBs in both in-plane and out-of-plane directions.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modal Decomposition of Acoustic Emissions from Pencil-Lead Breaks in an Isotropic Thin Plate

Yao

Vien

Rajic

et al. 2023

Sensors

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“…Different infill densities in 3D printed items were identified using effective density photographs and validated using computed values. In order to track the beginnings of fatigue-damage buildup in an AM aluminum plate, Vien et al [32] explored the second-harmonic production in Lamb waves; with an increase in the number of fatigue cycles, the nonlinear parameters showed a monotonic increase. Sturm et al also looked into the layer-to-layer sensitivity of a controlled sample produced by material jetting.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Damage detection and localization based on different types of actuators using the electromechanical impedance method in 3D-printed material

Singh,

Fakih,

Malinowski

2023

Smart Mater. Struct.

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The major objective of this work is to comprehend how different actuators react to damage in additivelymanufactured (AM) polymer structures. A novel frequency-range selection technique wassuggested based on the maxima of standard deviation of the impedance frequency spectra gathered for the referential anddamage cases. A 3D-printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plate was used for theinvestigation, where two PZT and one macro fiber composite (MFC) actuator were glued to thesurface. Small magnets were used to simulate damage and were positioned at increasing distancesfrom each transducer as EMI measurements were made using the MFC and 1 PZT. This servedboth in studying the transducers’ sensitivity to damage and selecting the proper frequency rangefor damage detection utilizing the standard-deviation approach. The EMI-acquired data from theMFC actuator displays damage-sensitive peaks in a low-frequency band (0 – 58 ), while thePZT shows a good sensitivity in a higher frequency range (94 kHz – 304 ). In order to evaluatethe PZT and MFC actuators' sensitivity to damage in the 3D-printed ABS plate, impact damage isalso generated in the plate's center. The impedance-based damage indices obtained from differenttypes of piezoelectric transducers (2 PZTs and 1 MFC) were projected to the same base level andthen fused – for the first time – for impact-damage localization and further added magnetic massdamage localization. The obtained damage index values of impedance are encouraging for theevaluation of AM polymer structures with a 4.48 mm positional error from a real location by fusingdata in the different frequency ranges for PZTs and MFC. The damage localization error increasessignificantly to the new location beyond the damage sensitivity range of the PZT2 for the addedmagnetic mass on the 3D printed structure.

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“…A pulse-echo ultrasound-based study was conducted by Sol et al [34] to investigate anisotropy in AlSi10Mg additively manufactured by selective laser melting. Using the second-harmonic generation in Lamb waves, Vien et al [35] monitored fatigue damage accumulation in an AM aluminum plate at an early stage. Fakih et al [36] used a scanning laser doppler vibrometer for monitoring the wave propagation and damage imaging in AM polymer parts with 20% and 100% infills.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Anomalies in Additively Manufactured Metal Parts Using CNN and LSTM Networks

Modir,

Casterman,

Tansel

2023

Recent Prog Mater

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The process of metal additive manufacturing (AM) involves creating strong, complex components by using fine metal powders. Extensive use of AM methods is expected in near future for the production of small and medium-sized batches of end-use products and tools. The ability to detect loads and defects would enable AM components to be used in critical applications and improve their value. In this study, the Surface Response to Excitation (SuRE) method was used to investigate wave propagation characteristics and load detection on AM metallic specimens. With completely solid infills and the same geometry, three stainless steel test bars are produced: one conventionally and two additively. To investigate the effect of infills, four bars with the same geometries are 3D printed with triangular and gyroid infills with either 0.5 mm or 1 mm skin thickness. Two piezoelectric disks are attached to each end of the test specimens to excite the parts with guided waves from one end and monitor the dynamic response to excitation at the other end. The response to excitation was recorded when bars were in a relaxed condition and when compressive loads were applied at five levels in the middle of them. For converting time-domain signals into 2D time-frequency images, the Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT) and Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) were implemented. To distinguish the data based on fabrication characteristics and level of loading, two deep learning models (Long Short-term Memory algorithm (LSTM) and Convolutional Neural Networks (2D CNN)) were utilized. Time-frequency images were used to train 2D CNN, while raw signal data was used to train LSTM. It was found that both LSTM and 2D CNN could estimate solid parts' loading level with an accuracy of more than 90%. In parts with infills, CNN outperformed LSTM for the classification of over five classes (internal geometry and loading level simultaneously).

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Experimental Investigation of Second-Harmonic Lamb Wave Generation in Additively Manufactured Aluminum

Cited by 10 publications

References 55 publications

Modal Decomposition of Acoustic Emissions from Pencil-Lead Breaks in an Isotropic Thin Plate

Modal Decomposition of Acoustic Emissions from Pencil-Lead Breaks in an Isotropic Thin Plate

Damage detection and localization based on different types of actuators using the electromechanical impedance method in 3D-printed material

Detection of Anomalies in Additively Manufactured Metal Parts Using CNN and LSTM Networks

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