“…2 . Additional details on the experimental setup and rockslide evolution on the hill slope are reported in Han et al 33 . Figure 2 ( a ) Rigid concrete blocks; and ( b ) landslide model assembled with rigid blocks.…”
Subaerial landslides sliding into shallow water are physically modeled in a three-dimensional wave basin. The generated impulse waves are highly nonlinear, and a large-scale splash zone is formed above the waves. Such impulse wave characteristics are different from those from landslides into deep water that are completely submerged after sliding. The recorded wave profiles included three wave types, namely nonlinear oscillatory wave, nonlinear transition wave and bore-like wave, mainly depending on the relative slide thickness and slide Froude number at impact. Bore-like waves were possible produced only by landslides into shallow water in three-dimensional experiments. The conversion rate of landslide kinetic energy at impact into the wave train energy is 1 to 18%. Energy conversion characteristics are compared with other two- and three-dimensional studies on landslide-generated waves and the results are discussed.
“…2 . Additional details on the experimental setup and rockslide evolution on the hill slope are reported in Han et al 33 . Figure 2 ( a ) Rigid concrete blocks; and ( b ) landslide model assembled with rigid blocks.…”
Subaerial landslides sliding into shallow water are physically modeled in a three-dimensional wave basin. The generated impulse waves are highly nonlinear, and a large-scale splash zone is formed above the waves. Such impulse wave characteristics are different from those from landslides into deep water that are completely submerged after sliding. The recorded wave profiles included three wave types, namely nonlinear oscillatory wave, nonlinear transition wave and bore-like wave, mainly depending on the relative slide thickness and slide Froude number at impact. Bore-like waves were possible produced only by landslides into shallow water in three-dimensional experiments. The conversion rate of landslide kinetic energy at impact into the wave train energy is 1 to 18%. Energy conversion characteristics are compared with other two- and three-dimensional studies on landslide-generated waves and the results are discussed.
“…Yin et al (2012) took the channel of Baishuihe landslide in TGRA as prototype, established the river physical model in map scale 1:200, and thus developed landslide surge three-dimensional physical model experiment by adopting the experimental control system and measurement system. Han et al (2022) studied the effects of sharply curved river bends on the wave transmission and run-up features of breaking waves in a 90° channel bend, and the derived run-up equations were applied to a field case in TGRA. Based on Gongjiafang landslide in TGRA and the Wangjiashan landslide in Baihetan reservoir area, Huang BL et al (2014, 2023 set up the large scale three-dimensional physical model with a scale of 1:200 and 1:150, respectively.…”
The occurrence of landslides in reservoir areas and the potential secondary disasters near dams are characterized by their sudden and catastrophic nature, often limiting the availability of actual measurement data. To address this challenge, prototype physical model test always proves to be valuable method to replicate or reproduce such geological hazards. In this study, we focused on the Meilishi landslide in the Gushui reservoir area as a case study to analyze the potential threat of high landslide-induced waves under gravity. Based on field investigations and relevant statistical geological data, a large-scale three-dimensional physical model was carried out that integrated the interactions of the landslide, the river, and the dam. With a scale of 1:150, the model had the dimensions of 57, 27, and 8m. Water level and the maximum sliding velocity into the water were selected as independent variables, leading to a total of 18 experiments. An adaptive landslide motion simulation system based on velocity equivalence and a comprehensive measurement system with tracking technology based on hydrodynamics were independently developed. Those approaches allowed us to reveal the propagation characteristics and attenuation laws of high landslide-induced waves in a curved channel under various complex conditions. The data showed that the maximum wave run-up height on damwas 17.97 m under the most dangerous working condition (H3C09). Importantly, this value did not exceed the maximum height of dam, indicating a certain level of safety margin for the dam. Combined with the data of different working conditions, the optimal window for landslide risk prevention and control warnings was within 550 s after the onset of landslide instability. The key parameters predicted by the tests, including head wave height, wave run-up height on the opposite bank, wave run-up height on dam, and the propagation times, provided a technical basis and valuable reference for dam engineering design and safety. These results make significant contributions to the prevention and control of similar surges hazard induced by high landslides around the world.
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