Abstract:<p>Freezing and thawing in the subsurface is often related to complex technical handling of possible influences on the engineered structures (e.g. permafrost or geothermal heat pumps). Freeze-thaw processes in the vicinity of borehole heat exchangers can significantly impair the system. However, for groundwater protection and thermal efficiency, the hydraulic and thermal integrity of such systems must be permanently ensured for the complete operation time. Detailed knowledge on freeze-thaw proces… Show more
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.