Experimental investigation of energy dissipation mechanisms in laminated safety glass for combined blast-temperature loading scenarios

Bermbach, Tim; Teich, Martien; Gebbeken, Norbert

doi:10.1007/s40940-016-0029-y

Cited by 21 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(22 reference statements)

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“…The blast response of PVB-laminated glass panels, and particularly the post-fracture response, when all glass layers have fractured, is a complex multi-disciplinary problem that is still not well understood. Full-scale blast tests have been performed by various researchers to study this, using high-explosive detonations [3][4][5][6][7][8] and shocktube simulations [3,[9][10][11]. These tests typically focus on recording the global peak-displacement time-history of the panel through all stages of deformation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

High strain-rate effects from blast loads on laminated glass: An experimental investigation of the post-fracture bending moment capacity based on time–temperature mapping of interlayer yield stress

Angelides

Talbot

Overend

2021

Construction and Building Materials

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To enhance the resilience of buildings, laminated glass panels are increasingly used in glazed façades. These ductile panels provide a superior blast resistance to that provided by monolithic glass panels, due to the improved residual capacity offered by the polymer interlayer following the fracture of the glass layers. The complex interaction between the attached glass fragments and the interlayer is still only partially understood. To help address this, this paper investigates experimentally the post-fracture bending moment capacity of laminated glass.Three-point bending tests are performed at low temperature on specimens pre-fractured before testing, to ensure controlled and repeatable fracture patterns. The low temperature simulates the effects of the high strain-rates that result from short-duration blast loads by taking advantage of the time-temperature dependency of the viscoelastic interlayer. In these experiments, polyvinyl butyral is considered as the interlayer, this being the most common interlayer for laminated glass used in building facades. A new time-temperature mapping equation is derived from experimental results available in the literature, to relate the temperatures and strain-rates that result in the same interlayer yield stress. The results of the low-temperature tests demonstrate an enhancement of the ultimate load capacity of the fractured glass by two orders of magnitude, compared to that at room temperature. This suggests an improved post-fracture bending moment capacity associated with the now stiffer interlayer working in tension and the glass fragments working in compression. Due to the time-temperature dependency of the interlayer, a similar enhancement is therefore anticipated at the high strain-rates associated with typical blast loading. Finally, the assumed composite bending action is further supported by the results from additional specimens with thicker PVB and glass layers, which result in enhanced capacity consistent with the bending theory of existing analytical models.

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confidence: 99%

High strain-rate effects from blast loads on laminated glass: An experimental investigation of the post-fracture bending moment capacity based on time–temperature mapping of interlayer yield stress

Angelides

Talbot

Overend

2021

Construction and Building Materials

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“…Table 2 summarises the salient enhanced material properties of PVB for strain-rates representative of blast response, which typically range from 7.6 s -1 to 30 s -1 according to full-scale blast tests (Morison, 2007;Hooper, 2011). These properties are also temperature dependent, with a stiffer / more flexible response observed at low / high temperatures respectively (Bermbach et al, 2016;Chen et al, 5 2018;Samieian et al, 2018;Kraus, 2019). With many commonly encountered, commercially available PVB products, including Butacite® and Trofisol® (from Kuraray), Saflex® (from Eastman), Lam 51H ® (from Everlam) and S-Lec™ (Sekisui), it is clearly important to note that the material properties can vary significantly depending on the type and manufacturer of the PVB (CPNI, 2019).…”

Section: Glass Typementioning

confidence: 99%

Blast response of laminated glass panels: a critical review of analysis and design methods

Angelides

Talbot

2023

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures

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Laminated glass panels are often used to enhance the blast resilience of buildings by replacing the inherently brittle, monolithic glass that has historically been used in building façades. These composite ductile panels offer superior blast resistance and result in reduced glass-related injuries, due to the interlayer's ability to both provide residual resistance, following the fracture of the glass layers, and retain glass fragments. This paper reviews the various analysis methods that have been developed to support the blast design of laminated glass panels and reduce the need for expensive blast testing. The focus is on panels with polyvinyl butyral, as this is the most commonly used interlayer in building façades. The methods identified are categorised into empirical design guidance, analytical models, finite-element analysis and equivalent singledegree-of-freedom methods, thereby enabling a comparison of the modelling principles adopted and the material properties assumed within the different categories. This is informed by first presenting a brief overview of the material properties of laminated glass under blast conditions.The consistency of the underlying structural mechanics principles is discussed by comparing the methodologies across the different categories. Finally, the ease of application is considered, highlighting the methods that are often preferred by practitioners. Word count: 6,420 main text, No of figures: 7, No of tables: 4 List of notation PVB is polyvinyl butyral FEA is finite-element analysis ESDOF is equivalent single-degree-of-freedom

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“…• 45°C (maximum design interlayer temperature for blast design situation) and Savineau, 2007) and SGP Ionoplast De Vogel (2008), originally in Bennison and Gizzi (2007) The conducted transient FE calculations are performed in Ansys (2014) with geometrical nonlinear approach, considering the first amplitude of the vibrating plate. The boundary conditions and pressure application of the structural model with line supports in positive and negative y-direction are shown in Figure 7.…”

Section: Thermal Calculation Of Typical Dgu and Tgu Of Facadesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Here, increasing deflection and in-plane strain with increasing temperature due to the temperaturedependent material properties of the chemical adhesive bond and PVB interlayer is observed. Bermbach et al (2016) conducted experimental investigations with focus on postfracture behavior of different laminates at 13°C and 30°C concluding that the influence of temperature is significant, as it may triple average strain rates for the same blast loading.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-Temperature Dependency of Laminated Glass Subjected to Blast Load – A Numerical Study

Förch

2020

International Journal of Structural Glass and Advanced Material

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The behavior of laminated glass has strong time-temperature dependency. Viscoelastic material models are often employed to define mechanical properties of Polyvinyl Butyral (PVB), the most common interlayer for structural glass applications. However, it is an apparent notion to simplify the high complexity of such material models, as only specific software is capable of considering this behavior. Most studies in blast design of laminated glass have focused on room temperature condition and recommend the use of elastic material models for PVB with high modulus of elasticity for simplification. The main purpose of this study is to develop an understanding of time and temperature dependency of interlayers in real building application. On the basis of empirical weather data, a range of interlayer temperatures is proposed to be considered for blast design situation in Germany for vertical double glazed and triple glazed units in accordance with Eurocode 0 and Eurocode 1. The results obtained from this analysis are further investigated within a transient structural parametric study of laminated glass to identify the effect of winter interlayer temperature and summer interlayer temperature in difference to simplified monolithic glass approach. As a result, significant increase of maximum principal glass stress and maximum deformation is observed for laminated glass subjected to blast load under summer temperature condition.

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Experimental investigation of energy dissipation mechanisms in laminated safety glass for combined blast-temperature loading scenarios

Cited by 21 publications

References 22 publications

High strain-rate effects from blast loads on laminated glass: An experimental investigation of the post-fracture bending moment capacity based on time–temperature mapping of interlayer yield stress

High strain-rate effects from blast loads on laminated glass: An experimental investigation of the post-fracture bending moment capacity based on time–temperature mapping of interlayer yield stress

Blast response of laminated glass panels: a critical review of analysis and design methods

Time-Temperature Dependency of Laminated Glass Subjected to Blast Load – A Numerical Study

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