Experimental Investigation of Critical Parameters Controlling CH4–CO2 Exchange in Sedimentary CH4 Hydrates

Almenningen, Stian; Graue, A.; Ersland, Geir

doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c03841

Cited by 20 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(76 reference statements)

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“…The mechanism of heat and mass transfer plays an essential role during CO 2 injection into CH 4 hydrate and subsequent mixed CH 4 /CO 2 hydrate synthesis. The presence of additives and saline water is of greater importance because it has a direct effect on CO 2 injectivity and formation of the mixed CH 4 /CO 2 hydrate system. ,, There is a lack of experimental studies, and understanding is not well developed regarding the role of chemicals in forming mixed CH 4 /CO 2 hydrate due to CO 2 injection. Recent studies show that the presence of chemicals (at low dosage) affects both CH 4 production yield and CO 2 storage yield after injection of CO 2 -rich gas into CH 4 hydrate .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyclic Depressurization-Driven Enhanced CH₄ Recovery after CH₄–CO₂ Hydrate Swapping

et al. 2021

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CH 4 /CO 2 mixed hydrate forms upon CO 2 gas injection into the CH 4 gas hydrate reservoir. An improved understanding of the dissociation behavior of the CH 4 /CO 2 hydrate system is necessary to increase the yield of CH 4 production and CO 2 storage. In this study, CH 4 /CO 2 mixed hydrates (in bulk and unconsolidated coarse sand) were dissociated using the multistep cyclic depressurization (MCD) method. Visual and kinetic data were collected using a high-pressure reactor and gas chromatography (GC) setup to study the change in morphology and mole fraction of CH 4 and CO 2 in the released gas. The influence of chemicals (methionine, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and methanol) in the aqueous phase and reservoir temperature (below and above 0 °C) on recovery and storage yield was also investigated. This study reported additional CH 4 recovery below the CH 4 hydrate stability pressure when cyclic depressurization was implemented between CH 4 and CO 2 hydrate stability pressures. A rapid increase in CH 4 mole fraction and a decrease in CO 2 mole fraction were observed due to simultaneous CH 4 hydrate dissociation and CO 2 hydrate reformation. This phenomenon was accelerated at high liquid saturation. CH 4 recovery potential was positively correlated with hydrate saturation and for T > 0 °C conditions. Morphology study showed the expansion of hydrate volume during cyclic depressurization, which confirmed hydrate reformation from released water from dissociation. The chemicals affected the mixed CH 4 /CO 2 hydrate synthesis, reformation kinetics, and subsequent CO 2 storage. This study demonstrates a novel application of cyclic depressurization to enhance CH 4 production and improve CO 2 storage. A new hydrate production method is also proposed that includes constantrate depressurization, kinetic inhibitor-based CO 2 injection, and cyclic depressurization.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyclic Depressurization-Driven Enhanced CH₄ Recovery after CH₄–CO₂ Hydrate Swapping

et al. 2021

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“…Consolidated Bentheim sandstone core pieces were placed as filters at both ends between the body of sand and the end pieces to avoid sand production. The average pore diameter of Bentheim sandstone is 125 μm . The core holder, high-pressure pumps, cooling system, and superconductive magnet used for MR imaging are detailed in Almenningen et al…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The average pore diameter of Bentheim sandstone is 125 μm. 34 The core holder, high-pressure pumps, cooling system, and superconductive magnet used for MR imaging are detailed in Almenningen et al 35 Experimental Procedure. Two different experimental runs were conducted with two different designs.…”

Section: ■ Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental and Numerical Analysis of the Effects of Clay Content on CH₄ Hydrate Formation in Sand

et al. 2021

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Natural gas hydrates exist in large quantities in nature and represent a potential source of energy, mostly in the form of methane gas. Knowledge about hydrate formation in clayey sand is of importance for understanding the production of methane gas from hydrate reservoirs, as well as for understanding the impact of global warming on the stability of subsurface gas hydrates. In this paper, we explore the effect of clay content on methane gas hydrate phase transitions in unconsolidated sand at realistic reservoir conditions (P = 83 bar and T = 5–8 °C) both experimentally and numerically. Kaolin clay was mixed in pure quartz sand in a series of experiments where the clay content ranged from 0 wt % to approximately 12 wt %. Simulations of these experiments were set up in TOUGH+HYDRATE. In the kinetic reaction model, particle size was used as a proxy for kaolin content. The growth of methane hydrates from water (0.1 wt % NaCl) and methane were visualized and quantified by magnetic resonance imaging with millimeter resolution. Dynamic imaging of the sand revealed faster hydrate growth in regions with increased clay content. NMR T 2 mapping was used to infer the hydrate phase transition characteristics at the pore scale. Numerical simulations showed also faster growth in materials with a smaller mean particle size. The simulation results showed a significant deviation throughout the hydrate growth period. The constraints of both the experimental and modeling setups are discussed to address the challenges of comparing them.

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“…In this study, we visualize pore-scale hydrate phase transitions during CO2 injection into CH4 hydratesaturated porous media. Previous visualization studies have been limited to bulk media [37,38] and porous media using magnetic resonance imaging [26] and micromodel [7]. Here, we visualize CH4/CO2 hydrate phase transitions using a high-pressure micromodel mimicking a porous rock.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Pore-Scale Visualization during CO₂ Injection into CH₄ Hydrate-Saturated Porous Media

et al. 2022

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A better understanding of the mobility of the CO2 phase and the sweep within the CH4 hydrate-bearing sediments is required for the success of CO2 storage and concurrent CH4 production. In this work, we investigate the injectivity of CO2 in CH4-hydrate-saturated porous media and the subsequent dissociation of CH4 / CO2 mixed hydrate at the pore level. A total of six pore-scale visualization experiments were performed using a high-pressure water-wetted silicon wafer-based micromodel whose pore network resembles a cross section of sandstone. Liquid CO2 was injected at a constant volumetric rate of 0.2-0.5 ml / hour at a high saturation of CH4 hydrate (SH = 0.81-0.99) at P = 59-69 bar and T = 3.3-4.5°C. The results confirmed the presence of two different hydrate arrangements at the end of the CO2 injection, such that the hydrate phase change and liquid distribution were influenced by the invasion behaviour of the liquid phase and the initial distribution of CH4 hydrate. Invasion of the CO2-rich liquid phase resulted in the formation of massive hydrates without residual liquid saturation. While the CH4 rich liquid phase invaded the hydrates and produced an excess of the liquid phase in the field of view. Later, massive hydrates were dissociated by stepwise depressurization, with multiple dissociation and reformation recorded between the thermodynamic stability pressure of pure CH4 hydrates and pure CO2 hydrates, supported by the presence of the liquid phase. Continuous mobilization of liquid phase and mixing of liquid and gas phases led to localized hydrate reforming below the CH4 hydrate stability pressure. This is the first pore-scale visualization of CO2 injection into CH4-hydrate saturated porous media and ManuscriptClick here to view linked References demonstrates the feasibility of combining CO2 Injection into CH4 hydrate with stepwise depressurization to produce CH4 gas.

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Experimental Investigation of Critical Parameters Controlling CH₄–CO₂ Exchange in Sedimentary CH₄ Hydrates

Cited by 20 publications

References 31 publications

Cyclic Depressurization-Driven Enhanced CH₄ Recovery after CH₄–CO₂ Hydrate Swapping

Cyclic Depressurization-Driven Enhanced CH₄ Recovery after CH₄–CO₂ Hydrate Swapping

Experimental and Numerical Analysis of the Effects of Clay Content on CH₄ Hydrate Formation in Sand

Novel Pore-Scale Visualization during CO₂ Injection into CH₄ Hydrate-Saturated Porous Media

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Experimental Investigation of Critical Parameters Controlling CH4–CO2 Exchange in Sedimentary CH4 Hydrates

Cited by 20 publications

References 31 publications

Cyclic Depressurization-Driven Enhanced CH4 Recovery after CH4–CO2 Hydrate Swapping

Cyclic Depressurization-Driven Enhanced CH4 Recovery after CH4–CO2 Hydrate Swapping

Experimental and Numerical Analysis of the Effects of Clay Content on CH4 Hydrate Formation in Sand

Novel Pore-Scale Visualization during CO2 Injection into CH4 Hydrate-Saturated Porous Media

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Experimental Investigation of Critical Parameters Controlling CH₄–CO₂ Exchange in Sedimentary CH₄ Hydrates

Cyclic Depressurization-Driven Enhanced CH₄ Recovery after CH₄–CO₂ Hydrate Swapping

Cyclic Depressurization-Driven Enhanced CH₄ Recovery after CH₄–CO₂ Hydrate Swapping

Experimental and Numerical Analysis of the Effects of Clay Content on CH₄ Hydrate Formation in Sand

Novel Pore-Scale Visualization during CO₂ Injection into CH₄ Hydrate-Saturated Porous Media