Experimental Investigation in Compression Ratio on Performance, Combustion and Emission of VCR Engine using Pyrolysis-oil Produced from Waste Plastic Materials
“…The low fuel consumption, when run with PO composite samples, is attributed to the low viscosity and high calorific value of the PO blended fuel samples (Alawa and Chakma 2022a ; Padmanabhan et al 2022 ). However, fuel consumption increases when the compression ratio (CR) increases from 15.1 to 16.7—which was also reported by other studies (Alawa and Chakma 2023 ; Rajak et al 2022 ). Fig.…”
Section: Engine Performance Analysissupporting
confidence: 79%
“…Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) is a measure of the fuel efficiency of compression ignition engines, which is carried out by the engine shaft power output to the input fuel energy, and it can be estimated using the following equations (Alawa and Chakma 2023 ). where H f is the heat supplied by fuel (kW), C f indicates the calorific value of fuel (kJ/kg), and Eff BT denotes the thermal brake efficiency (%).…”
Section: Engine Performance Analysismentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The mechanical efficiency (ME) is the ratio of the brake power to the indicated power obtained in the compression ignition diesel engine. The mathematical expressions for the calculation of ME are given as follows (Alawa and Chakma 2023 ): where Eff Mech denotes the mechanical efficiency (%), IP is indicated power (kW), p im is the mean effective pressure (Pa), A is the effective cross-sectional area of the piston (m 2 ), L is the length of stroke of the piston (m), N c denotes the number of cylinders, and D is the diameter of the cylinder (m).…”
Section: Engine Performance Analysismentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Moreover, approximately 4% of fossil fuel comprising of natural gas and other low fraction of petroleum products is utilized to produce plastic—which indirectly affects the energy requirement (Kartik et al 2022 ). In the last few decades, it has been reported that pyrolysis is one of the clean and most efficient techniques for the conversion of waste plastic materials into valorized hydrocarbon products in the form of liquid fuels (Alawa and Chakma 2022a , 2023 ; Padmanabhan et al 2022 ; Rajak et al 2022 ). However, the quality of the products may vary depending upon the processing technique of waste plastic materials.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The major emission pollutants are carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), unburnt hydrocarbons (UHC), oxides of nitrogen (NO x ) and sulfur (SO x ), and particulate matter (PM) for any commercial fuels. The previous studies reported that the use of oxygenated fuels with commercially available fuels at an appropriate ratio could reduce toxic gas emissions by improving the combustion process of the fuels (Alawa and Chakma 2023 ; Budharaju et al 2019 ; Nadanakumar et al 2021 ; Padmanabhan et al 2022 ). Thus, the use of oxygenated compounds hydrocarbons produced from plastic waste pyrolysis will help in reducing greenhouse gas emissions (GHE).…”
Waste management and mitigation is the primary necessity across the globe. The daily use of plastic materials in different forms emergence the plastic pollutions, and it has been significantly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, mitigation of waste plastics generation is one of the major challenges in the present situation. The present study addressed the conversion of waste plastics into value-added products such as liquid hydrocarbon fuels and their application in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. A comprehensive investigation has been performed on engine performance and combustion characteristics at various compression ratios and PO blending. The effect of liquid fuel blending with commercial diesel was investigated at three different compression ratios (15.1, 16.2, and 16.7) under various BMEP conditions. The results revealed that blending of liquid fuel produced from waste plastic can improve the BTE significantly, and the highest 35.77% of BTE was observed for 10% blending at 15.1 CR. While the lowest BSFC of 5.77 × 10
−5
kg/kW-s was estimated for 20% PO blending at 16.7 CR under optimum BMEP (4.0 bar) conditions. The investigation of combustion parameters such as cylinder pressure, net heat release rate, rate of pressure rise, and cumulative heat release showed that it increases with the compression ratio from 15.1 to 16.7. At the same time, the emissions of CO, CO
2
, and unburnt hydrocarbon was decreased significantly. The economic analysis for the present lab-scale study estimated that approximately ₹12.17 ($0.15) profit per liter is possible in the 1st year, while the significant profit starts from the 2nd year onward, which is in the range of ₹59.78–₹84.48 ($0.75–$1.07) when the PO is blended with CD within the permissible limits as per the norms.
Graphical Abstract
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11356-023-26576-3.
“…The low fuel consumption, when run with PO composite samples, is attributed to the low viscosity and high calorific value of the PO blended fuel samples (Alawa and Chakma 2022a ; Padmanabhan et al 2022 ). However, fuel consumption increases when the compression ratio (CR) increases from 15.1 to 16.7—which was also reported by other studies (Alawa and Chakma 2023 ; Rajak et al 2022 ). Fig.…”
Section: Engine Performance Analysissupporting
confidence: 79%
“…Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) is a measure of the fuel efficiency of compression ignition engines, which is carried out by the engine shaft power output to the input fuel energy, and it can be estimated using the following equations (Alawa and Chakma 2023 ). where H f is the heat supplied by fuel (kW), C f indicates the calorific value of fuel (kJ/kg), and Eff BT denotes the thermal brake efficiency (%).…”
Section: Engine Performance Analysismentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The mechanical efficiency (ME) is the ratio of the brake power to the indicated power obtained in the compression ignition diesel engine. The mathematical expressions for the calculation of ME are given as follows (Alawa and Chakma 2023 ): where Eff Mech denotes the mechanical efficiency (%), IP is indicated power (kW), p im is the mean effective pressure (Pa), A is the effective cross-sectional area of the piston (m 2 ), L is the length of stroke of the piston (m), N c denotes the number of cylinders, and D is the diameter of the cylinder (m).…”
Section: Engine Performance Analysismentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Moreover, approximately 4% of fossil fuel comprising of natural gas and other low fraction of petroleum products is utilized to produce plastic—which indirectly affects the energy requirement (Kartik et al 2022 ). In the last few decades, it has been reported that pyrolysis is one of the clean and most efficient techniques for the conversion of waste plastic materials into valorized hydrocarbon products in the form of liquid fuels (Alawa and Chakma 2022a , 2023 ; Padmanabhan et al 2022 ; Rajak et al 2022 ). However, the quality of the products may vary depending upon the processing technique of waste plastic materials.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The major emission pollutants are carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), unburnt hydrocarbons (UHC), oxides of nitrogen (NO x ) and sulfur (SO x ), and particulate matter (PM) for any commercial fuels. The previous studies reported that the use of oxygenated fuels with commercially available fuels at an appropriate ratio could reduce toxic gas emissions by improving the combustion process of the fuels (Alawa and Chakma 2023 ; Budharaju et al 2019 ; Nadanakumar et al 2021 ; Padmanabhan et al 2022 ). Thus, the use of oxygenated compounds hydrocarbons produced from plastic waste pyrolysis will help in reducing greenhouse gas emissions (GHE).…”
Waste management and mitigation is the primary necessity across the globe. The daily use of plastic materials in different forms emergence the plastic pollutions, and it has been significantly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, mitigation of waste plastics generation is one of the major challenges in the present situation. The present study addressed the conversion of waste plastics into value-added products such as liquid hydrocarbon fuels and their application in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. A comprehensive investigation has been performed on engine performance and combustion characteristics at various compression ratios and PO blending. The effect of liquid fuel blending with commercial diesel was investigated at three different compression ratios (15.1, 16.2, and 16.7) under various BMEP conditions. The results revealed that blending of liquid fuel produced from waste plastic can improve the BTE significantly, and the highest 35.77% of BTE was observed for 10% blending at 15.1 CR. While the lowest BSFC of 5.77 × 10
−5
kg/kW-s was estimated for 20% PO blending at 16.7 CR under optimum BMEP (4.0 bar) conditions. The investigation of combustion parameters such as cylinder pressure, net heat release rate, rate of pressure rise, and cumulative heat release showed that it increases with the compression ratio from 15.1 to 16.7. At the same time, the emissions of CO, CO
2
, and unburnt hydrocarbon was decreased significantly. The economic analysis for the present lab-scale study estimated that approximately ₹12.17 ($0.15) profit per liter is possible in the 1st year, while the significant profit starts from the 2nd year onward, which is in the range of ₹59.78–₹84.48 ($0.75–$1.07) when the PO is blended with CD within the permissible limits as per the norms.
Graphical Abstract
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11356-023-26576-3.
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