Experimental investigation and numerical modelling of transient two-phase flow in a geysering geothermal well

Lu, Xinli; Watson, Arnold; Gorin, Alexander; Deans, J.

doi:10.1016/j.geothermics.2006.07.001

Cited by 27 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…However, Darcian model assumes laminar flow through a relatively small flow path (e.g., porous media or tiny cracks in the cement plugs). These innate limitations of Darcian model led to use of alternative methods for studying open-hole geysering processes such as drift flux model [Pruess, 2008a] or pipe approach [Lu, 2004;Lu et al, 2006;Watson et al, 2014]. In this study, pseudo-geysering patterns similar to Ingebritsen and Rojstaczer [1996]'s work were observed due to the limited representation of Crystal Geyser in a regional-scale model (e.g., Darcian flow assumption, heterogeneity, well dimension, and configuration).…”

Section: 1002/2014jb011722mentioning

confidence: 87%

Regional‐scale advective, diffusive, and eruptive dynamics of CO₂ and brine leakage through faults and wellbores

Jung

Han

et al. 2015

JGR Solid Earth

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Regional-scale advective, diffusive, and eruptive transport dynamics of CO 2 and brine within a natural analogue in the northern Paradox Basin, Utah, were explored by integrating numerical simulations with soil CO 2 flux measurements. Deeply sourced CO 2 migrates through steeply dipping fault zones to the shallow aquifers predominantly as an aqueous phase. Dense CO 2 -rich brine mixes with regional groundwater, enhancing CO 2 dissolution. Linear stability analysis reveals that CO 2 could be dissolved completely within only~500 years. Assigning lower permeability to the fault zones induces fault-parallel movement, feeds up-gradient aquifers with more CO 2 , and impedes down-gradient fluid flow, developing anticlinal CO 2 traps at shallow depths (<300 m). The regional fault permeability that best reproduces field spatial CO 2 flux variation is estimated 1 × 10 À17 ≤ k h < 1 × 10 À16 m 2 and 5 × 10 À16 ≤ k v < 1 × 10 À15 m 2 . The anticlinal trap serves as an essential fluid source for eruption at Crystal Geyser. Geyser-like discharge sensitively responds to varying well permeability, radius, and CO 2 recharge rate. The cyclic behavior of wellbore CO 2 leakage decreases with time.

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Section: 1002/2014jb011722mentioning

confidence: 87%

Regional‐scale advective, diffusive, and eruptive dynamics of CO₂ and brine leakage through faults and wellbores

Jung

Han

et al. 2015

JGR Solid Earth

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“…Additionally, Kampman et al (2014) observed that the primary aquifers supplying Crystal and Tenmile geysers (e.g., Entrada and Navajo Sandstones) have formation overpressures ranging from 0-1.3 MPa, while Keating et al (2013) observed that the aquifers supplying Chimayó geyser are also heterogeneously over-pressured. The simulations conducted by Lu et al (2006), Pruess (2008) and Pan et al (2011) for CO 2 -H 2 O leakage through a wellbore also revealed that eruptions are initiated by large pressure differences between the formation and well. Formation permeability will be one of the primary factors governing the supply rate of CO 2 -rich water and subsequently the interval between two separate eruptions.…”

Section: Geyser Eruption Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Based on the observation of three cold-water geysers, a further insight is obtained after the studies of Lu et al (2006) and Han et al (2013). A conceptual model is presented in Fig.…”

Section: Geyser Eruption Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The geyser eruptions take place as CO 2 bubbles continue to form by reducing the hydrostatic pressure, and consequently the FD deepens (from the surface) within the well. CO 2 bubble amalgamation will cause a rapid change in the internal pressure and shape of bubbles which subsequently alters the inertia, velocity and mass transfer in the bubbles (Lu et al, 2006). When the bubble volume fraction reaches ∼0.25 gas slugs or Taylor bubbles will form due to bubble coalescence (Lu et al, 2005) (T3 in Fig.…”

Section: Geyser Eruption Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Eruption dynamics of CO2-driven cold-water geysers: Crystal, Tenmile geysers in Utah and Chimayó geyser in New Mexico

Watson

Han

Keating

et al. 2014

Earth and Planetary Science Letters

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Available online xxxx Editor: P. Shearer Keywords: geyser CO 2 -driven eruptions faults carbon sequestration wellbore leakageThe CO 2 bubble volume fraction, eruption velocity, flash depth and mass emission of CO 2 were determined from multiple wellbore CO 2 -driven cold-water geysers (Crystal and Tenmile geysers, in Utah and Chimayó geyser in New Mexico). At shallow depths the bubble volume fraction ranges from 0 to 0.8, eruption velocities range from 2 to 20 m/s and flash depths are predominately shallow ranging from 5 to 40 m below the surface. Annual emission of CO 2 is estimated to be (4.77 ± 1.92) × 10 3 , (6.17 ± 1.73) × 10 1 , (6.54 ± 0.57) × 10 1 t/yr for Crystal, Tenmile and Chimayó geysers, respectively.These estimates are coherent with Burnside et al. (2013) showing that the rate of CO 2 leakage from wellbores is greater than fault-parallel or diffuse CO 2 leakage. The geyser plumbing geometry consists of a vertical wellbore which allows for the upward migration of CO 2 -rich fluids due to artesian conditions. The positive feedback system of a CO 2 -driven eruption occurs within the well. Active inflow of CO 2 into the regional aquifers through faulted bedrock allows geysering to persist for decades. Crystal geyser erupts for over 24 h at a time, highlighting the potential for a wellbore in a natural environment to reach relatively steady-state high velocity discharge. Mitigating high velocity CO 2 -driven discharge from wellbores will, however, be easier than mitigating diffuse leakage from faults or into groundwater systems.

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“…However, it has also been argued that the plume composition represents the surface and near-surface composition at the site of outgassing (6), in which case the additional gases must be accounted for. Observed CO 2 concentrations could be in aqueous solution at pressures greater than~24 bars and could help drive geyser eruptions [as on Earth (8)(9)(10)]. However, CH 4 , and N 2 are so sparingly soluble in liquid water that these gases could not have originated from a liquid aqueous phase.…”

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confidence: 99%

A Clathrate Reservoir Hypothesis for Enceladus' South Polar Plume

Kieffer

Bethke

et al. 2006

Science

Self Cite

158

106

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We hypothesize that active tectonic processes in the south polar terrain of Enceladus, the 500-kilometer-diameter moon of Saturn, are creating fractures that cause degassing of a clathrate reservoir to produce the plume documented by the instruments on the Cassini spacecraft. Advection of gas and ice transports energy, supplied at depth as latent heat of clathrate decomposition, to shallower levels, where it reappears as latent heat of condensation of ice. The plume itself, which has a discharge rate comparable to Old Faithful Geyser in Yellowstone National Park, probably represents small leaks from this massive advective system.

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Experimental investigation and numerical modelling of transient two-phase flow in a geysering geothermal well

Cited by 27 publications

References 11 publications

Regional‐scale advective, diffusive, and eruptive dynamics of CO₂ and brine leakage through faults and wellbores

Regional‐scale advective, diffusive, and eruptive dynamics of CO₂ and brine leakage through faults and wellbores

Eruption dynamics of CO2-driven cold-water geysers: Crystal, Tenmile geysers in Utah and Chimayó geyser in New Mexico

A Clathrate Reservoir Hypothesis for Enceladus' South Polar Plume

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Experimental investigation and numerical modelling of transient two-phase flow in a geysering geothermal well

Cited by 27 publications

References 11 publications

Regional‐scale advective, diffusive, and eruptive dynamics of CO2 and brine leakage through faults and wellbores

Regional‐scale advective, diffusive, and eruptive dynamics of CO2 and brine leakage through faults and wellbores

Eruption dynamics of CO2-driven cold-water geysers: Crystal, Tenmile geysers in Utah and Chimayó geyser in New Mexico

A Clathrate Reservoir Hypothesis for Enceladus' South Polar Plume

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Regional‐scale advective, diffusive, and eruptive dynamics of CO₂ and brine leakage through faults and wellbores

Regional‐scale advective, diffusive, and eruptive dynamics of CO₂ and brine leakage through faults and wellbores