Experimental investigation and finite-element modeling of the short-time induction quench-and-temper process of AISI 4140

Kaiser, Daniel E.; Damon, James; Mühl, Fabian; Graaff, B. de; Kiefer, Dominik; Dietrich, Stefan; Schulze, Volker

doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2019.116485

Cited by 31 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The simulative overestimation of the axial residual stresses in both cases can be caused by annealing effects at the inner surface during the heat treatment, which are not taken into account in the simulation. Tempering processes can reduce the residual stresses due to the arising transformation strains, as well as the transformation induced plasticity as it was shown in [17] . Because of the slow cooling rates after reaching the martensite start temperature these effects, which decrease the residual stresses, can also be an issue during the Internal Quenching heat treatment.…”

Section: X-ray Diffraction Analysismentioning

confidence: 91%

“…All relevant models considering the thermal, metallurgical and mechanical phenomena were used to reveal an accurate tool to predict the phase and residual stress distribution due to the Internal Quenching process. The mechanical and thermal models were used in the same manner as presented in [17,18], where the process of induction hardening in a simulative, as well as in an experimental manner for AISI 4140 was regarded. Here, the heat transfer during heat treatment is described using the heat conduction equation…”

Section: Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improving the Inner Surface State of Thick-Walled Tubes by Heat Treatments with Internal Quenching Considering a Simulation Based Optimization

et al. 2020

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Internal Quenching is an innovative heat treatment method for difficult to access component sections. Especially, the microstructure, as well as the residual stress state at inner surfaces, of thick-walled tubes can be adjusted with the presented flexible heat treatment process. Based on multiphysical FE-models of two different steels, a simulative optimization study, considering different internal quenching strategies, was performed in order to find the optimal cooling conditions. The focus hereby was on the adjustment of a martensitic inner surface with high compressive residual stresses. The simulatively determined optimal cooling strategies were carried out experimentally and analyzed. A good agreement of the resulting hardness and residual stresses was achieved, validating the presented Fe-model of the Internal Quenching process. The shown results also indicate that the arising inner surface state is very sensitive to the transformation behavior of the used steel. Furthermore, the presented study shows that a preliminary simulative consideration of the heat treatment process helps to evaluate significant effects, reducing the experimental effort and time.

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Section: X-ray Diffraction Analysismentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the Inner Surface State of Thick-Walled Tubes by Heat Treatments with Internal Quenching Considering a Simulation Based Optimization

et al. 2020

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“…where σ 0 , R 0 , R 1 , and e are fit parameters. A detailed description of the mechanical modeling and determination of the fit parameters is also given by Kaiser et al [26]…”

Section: Mechanical Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

50 Hz X‐Ray Diffraction Stress Analysis and Numerical Process Simulation at Laser Surface Line Hardening of Web Structures

et al. 2021

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The improvement of surface layers of structural steel components is of great importance in mechanical engineering, as failure for highly stressed technical components, as e.g., the formation of fatigue cracks or oxidization, initiates primarily at the very surfaces. Here, surface hardening heat treatments [1] provide a suitable tool to increase wear and fatigue strength. Among the multitude of surface hardening processes, [1] laser surface hardening became increasingly popular in the past few decades, even more so with the development of High-Power Diode Lasers (HPDL). [2][3][4] The process is characterized by the precise and local heating of a steel workpiece using a focused laser beam, thereby austenitizing the process zone, followed by rapid self-quenching through heat conduction into the surrounding cold material and hence martensitic hardening. This surface hardening is accompanied by the formation of favorable residual stress states, i.e., predominantly compressive stresses, inside the process zone. The advantages of laser surface hardening over other steel hardening processes are i) the minimal distortion due to the fast and precise heat input, ii) the omitted requirement for a secondary quenching medium, and therefore, a high and flexible automation capability, and iii) the reduced environmental impact due to a lower power consumption. A brief description and explanation of the laser hardening process was given by Ion. [5] A lot of research was already done on laser surface hardening, mostly focusing on the numerical process prediction of the hardening result, e.g., hardening depth, width, and degree. [6][7][8][9][10] Only minor interest was given to the formation of residual stresses induced by laser surface hardening. De la Cruz et al., [11] for example, showed the positive effect of laser surface hardening on fatigue resistance in comparison with quenched and tempered material states due to the induced compressive residual stresses. In literature, there are multiple different numerical models which allow the prognosis of transient process stresses and resulting residual stresses, e.g., studies by Liverani et al., Müller et al., and Bailey et al.,[9,12,13] at low cost and effort. However, in our judgment, the transient process stress and residual stress prediction by

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“…Several studies demonstrated how microstructure and mechanical properties can be significantly modified by induction heat treatments applied to a wide range of iron-based materials and applications. Different research papers investigated the influence of operating parameters on the mechanical properties, with the focus on bulk materials [5][6][7], superficial aspects [8,9] and welded parts [10,11]. Guo et al [12] showed how the combination of the induction heat and surface peening treatments improved the yield strength without significantly impacting the ductility of pure iron.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Localized heat treatment to improve the formability of steel pipes for hydraulic applications: process design and mechanical characterization

Bruno

Canto²,

Luciani³

2021

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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Experimental investigation and finite-element modeling of the short-time induction quench-and-temper process of AISI 4140

Cited by 31 publications

References 31 publications

Improving the Inner Surface State of Thick-Walled Tubes by Heat Treatments with Internal Quenching Considering a Simulation Based Optimization

Improving the Inner Surface State of Thick-Walled Tubes by Heat Treatments with Internal Quenching Considering a Simulation Based Optimization

50 Hz X‐Ray Diffraction Stress Analysis and Numerical Process Simulation at Laser Surface Line Hardening of Web Structures

Localized heat treatment to improve the formability of steel pipes for hydraulic applications: process design and mechanical characterization

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