Experimental Intravitreal Application of Ciprofloxacin in Rabbits

Wiechens, Burkhard; Grammer, Joachim B.; Johannsen, Ute; Pleyer, Uwe; Hedderich, Jürgen; Duncker, G.

doi:10.1159/000027404

Cited by 21 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Regarding intravitreal use, ciprofloxacin has not been associated with toxicity at the therapeutic levels of 100-500 g in rabbits, and significant retinal damage has been observed only at 2 mg [28] .…”

Section: Quinolonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retinal and Ocular Toxicity in Ocular Application of Drugs and Chemicals – Part II: Retinal Toxicity of Current and New Drugs

et al. 2010

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Aims: Retinal pharmacotherapy has gained great importance for the treatment of various retinal diseases. An increasing number of drugs have been constantly released into the market, especially for wet age-related macular disease and diabetic macular edema. In this review, the issues concerning the toxicity of current and new classes of drugs are discussed. Methods: An extensive search of the literature was performed to review various aspects of drug toxicity in retinal pharmacotherapy. The different major classes of drugs, such as corticosteroids, antibiotics, antimetabolites, antineoplastic agents, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, enzymes, fibrinolytics, miscellaneous anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenic agents, as well as toxicity unrelated to the drug were identified and discussed. Results: Corticosteroids like fluocinolone, dexamethasone or triamcinolone at low dose cause little damage to the retina, but at high doses signs of toxicity have been well documented. Complications like cataract and glaucoma are quite common with corticosteroids. Aminoglycosides showed differences in the type and doses associated with toxic reactions, thereby the following order of toxicity can be described (from most toxic to least toxic): gentamicin > netilmicin = tobramycin > amikacin = kanamycin. Vancomycin at the usual dose of 1 mg is not toxic to the retina, while further studies are necessary in order to clarify the safety of new-generation quinolones. 5-Fluorouracil has been shown to be nontoxic to the retina after an injection of 2.5 mg in animals. mAbs like ranibizumab and bevacizumab were demonstrated to be safe to the retina in cell culture, animals and humans at high doses. The exact biocompatibility of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents like diclofenac needs further evaluation. Preservatives like benzyl alcohol and changes in pH or osmolarity exert an influence on the toxic effects of intravitreally applied drugs. Conclusions: A great number of drugs are now used mainly intravitreally without relevant retinal toxicity.

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Section: Quinolonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retinal and Ocular Toxicity in Ocular Application of Drugs and Chemicals – Part II: Retinal Toxicity of Current and New Drugs

et al. 2010

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“…The safety of ocular (topical and/or intra-vitreal) administration of ofloxacin [10][11][12], ciprofloxacin [10], evofloxacin [13], norfloxacin [14], trovafloxacin [15], moxifloxacin [16] and garenoxacin [17] has been investigated, and the results lead to the conclusion that FQs show varied affinity for retinal tissues and there are a marked differences among compounds for safe doses for ocular administration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retinal safety of a new fluoroquinolone, pradofloxacin, in cats: assessment with electroretinography

et al. 2007

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“…Cochereau-Massin et al [24] found toxicity with intravitreal injection of pefloxacin 1.6 mg. Norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin exhibited toxicity at doses higher than 2 mg [25,26]. In our study, GRE showed no funduscopic or histologic alterations after intraocular injection of 800 Ìg GRE.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 42%

Histological Toxicity of Grepafloxacin after Intravitreal Injection

et al. 2003

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Purpose: To determine the intravitreal levels of grepafloxacin after intravitreal injection of 80 µg and to evaluate the retinal toxicity after intravitreal injection of different doses of grepafloxacin in rabbit eyes. Methods: Fifteen female New Zealand white rabbits and 15 female pigmented ‘Gigantes de España’ rabbits were injected with 80 µg of grepafloxacin into the vitreous cavity. The grepafloxacin concentration was determined with HPLC after 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h. Eighteen female rabbits (9 New Zealand white rabbits and 9 pigmented ‘Gigantes de España’ rabbits) were used for a study of toxicity. The rabbits were divided into 6 treatment groups: group 1 (3 pigmented rabbits) received an intravitreal injection of 80 µg of grepafloxacin in 0.1 ml of saline solution, group 2 (3 white rabbits) 80 µg of grepafloxacin in 0.1 ml, group 3 (3 pigmented rabbits) 800 µg of grepafloxacin, group 4 (3 white rabbits) 800 µg of grepafloxacin, group 5 (3 pigmented rabbits) and group 6 (3 white rabbits) 0.1 ml of saline solution. Clinical examination was performed prior to injection and 24 h and 10 days after surgery. The animals were sacrificed 10 days after the injection, and the eyes were enucleated and fixed for histopathology. The specimens were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and toluidine blue. Results: No relevant complications were found during the clinical follow-up. All the eyes showed no abnormalities in the histologic evaluation. Conclusion: Grepafloxacin can be considered as a safe alternative for intravitreal injection for the treatment of intraocular infections.

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Experimental Intravitreal Application of Ciprofloxacin in Rabbits

Cited by 21 publications

References 30 publications

Retinal and Ocular Toxicity in Ocular Application of Drugs and Chemicals – Part II: Retinal Toxicity of Current and New Drugs

Retinal and Ocular Toxicity in Ocular Application of Drugs and Chemicals – Part II: Retinal Toxicity of Current and New Drugs

Retinal safety of a new fluoroquinolone, pradofloxacin, in cats: assessment with electroretinography

Histological Toxicity of Grepafloxacin after Intravitreal Injection

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