Experimental intersexuality. The effect of antenatal androgens on sexual development of female rats

Greene, R. R.; Burrill, M. W.; Ivy, A. C.

doi:10.1002/aja.1000650303

Cited by 111 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…These results also corroborate previous observations in rats that androgens cause ovaries to be displaced caudalward in the female (Greene et al, 1938;van der Schoot and Elger, 1992). This downward displacement or 'descent' was observed to be associated with the regression of the cranial suspensory ligament of the ovary, and a rudimentary gubernaculum, which was developed in the usual female fashion.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The effect of male hormones on female foetuses has been studied in detail in a number of animal models (Greene et al, 1938;Hamilton and Wolfe, 1938). The finding in this study of external masculinisation of female littermates and the persistence of the derivatives of the Wolffian Figure 3B.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…Differences between the left and right side in the development of the reproductive system can nevertheless be inferred from this and several other observations. Asymmetric stabilisation of the Wolffian ducts following prenatal androgen exposure in neonatal female rats has been reported (Greene et al, 1938). In these animals, left-sided stabilisation was found to occur more frequently.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

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Effect of androgens on the cranial suspensory ligament and ovarian position

Lee

Hutson

1999

Anat. Rec.

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Androgens have been postulated to have a major role in testicular descent via regression of the cranial suspensory ligament, which in normal rodents anchors the ovary to the retroperitoneum near the lower pole of the kidney. This study aimed to quantitate the degree of descent of the foetal ovary in androgen-treated female mice to determine the role of androgens in regression of the cranial suspensory ligament and descent of the testis. Time-pregnant mice were injected with testosterone propionate or methyl testosterone (2.5-3.0 mg) in vehicle on day 13 or 14. Control animals received vehicle only. Newborn mice were anaesthetised and dissected for macroscopic anatomy of the ovary, which was quantified by measuring the vertical distance from the lower pole of the kidney to the lower pole of the ovary. Histological analysis was also performed. The external genitalia were masculinised in all females exposed to prenatal androgens. The ovaries of treated animals were mobile, with no cranial suspensory ligament, and located slightly caudal to the kidney. Wolffian duct structures were identifiable, but the gubernaculum was qualitatively unchanged compared with control females. The ovary was displaced caudally (P< 0.001), but only 15-25% of the distance to the lower abdomen. Exogenous androgens induce regression of the cranial suspensory ligament, causing the ovary to be more mobile and lower in the abdominal cavity. However, since the testicular position at birth is at or below the bladder neck, androgen-mediated regression of the cranial suspensory ligament is only an adjunct to the control of transabdominal testicular descent.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

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Effect of androgens on the cranial suspensory ligament and ovarian position

Lee

Hutson

1999

Anat. Rec.

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“…Following the work of Greene et a]. [6] and Jost [9], it has been widely accepted that in the presence of adequate levels of androgens during development, the mesonephric duct system, including the epididymis, will develop normally, irrespective of chromosomal sex. We have found, however, that the XXSxr pseudomale does not have deficient serum, testicular or epididymal levels The epididymal defect may be secondary to a defect in the testis, in which organ the genotype is known to influence spermatogenesis [2] and Sertoli cells [3].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrastructural Abnormalities of Epididymal Tissues in XXSXR Pseudomale (Sex-Reversed) Mice

Wilkinson

Sweeny

Blecher

1988

Archives of Andrology

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Sex reversed (Sxr), a duplication of the Y chromosomal testis-determining factor in mice, causes testis development in XXSxr animals. No effects of Sxr on nongonadal organs are expected. However, we have previously shown that the epididymis of XXSxr pseudomale (sex-reversed) mice lacks the Initial Segment. In the present study we examined the ultrastructure of the head of the epididymis of adult and 21-day old XXSxr pseudomale mice. Epithelial cells of both adult and juvenile XXSxr animals contain numerous vesicles, some within mitochondria. The basal lamina is thickened and infolded. The periepithelial layer is abnormally thick, with distorted smooth muscle cells and fibrocytes that also contain lysosomelike vesicles, often in mitochondria, and excessively wide intercellular spaces. Normal collagen fibrils are infrequent; they are in part replaced by wisps of nondiscrete material, possibly immature collagen. Sxr is known to affect spermatogenesis and Sertoli cells. The abnormal conjugation of sex-determining genes in XXSxr appears also to subvert mesenchymal-epithelial development in both epididymis and testis. We believe the most likely explanation of our data is that the X X S x r genotype is not testis specific but also influences the epididymis directly.

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“…a groove running ventrally and caudally. These grooves have been de scribed by A ndersson [ 1909], Henneberg [1917], Mijsberg [1925], Greene et al [1939]. The form ation of these grooves is most m arked in their upper course, declining in prom inence in a caudal direction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%