Experimental insights on the geometry and kinematics of fold-and-thrust belts above weak, viscous evaporitic décollement

Costa, E.; Vendeville, Bruno C.

doi:10.1016/s0191-8141(01)00169-9

Cited by 269 publications

(192 citation statements)

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“…The primary difference is the geometry of the entire FTB, since in the case of salt-detached FTB the deformation is mainly by folding with few symmetric high-angle reverse faults. Besides, FTB on salt have low critical tapers (≈1° or less) (Figure 2), and they do not present a preferred vergence (Jaume and Lillie, 1988;Costa and Vendeville, 2002). These remarkable differences are all explained by the fact that salt rocks have mechanical properties different from other lithologies (Buttler et al 1987;Jackson and Vendeville 1994;Hudec and Jackson, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Salt (evaporites) plays a key role in the deformation style and evolution of fold-andthrust belts (FTB) (Davis and Engelder 1985;Letouezey et al, 1995;Buttler et al 1987;Jaume and Lillie, 1988;Jackson and Talbot, 1991;Cotton and Koyi, 2000;Costa and Vendeville, 2002;Rowan et al 2004). There are at least 12 FTB around the world that detach over a ductile salt layer (Jackson and Talbot, 1991;Cotton and Koyi, 2000), and most of them have been the subject of multiples studies such as the Appennines (Coward et al, 1999), the central Appalachian Engelder, 1985, 1987), the Jura (Laubscher, 1977;Philippe et al, 1996), the Mediterranean ridge offshore Libya (Von Huene, 1997;Mascle et al, 1999), the Parry Islands foldand-thrust belt in the Canadian Arctic (Harrison and Bally, 1988;Harrison, 1995), the Romanian Carpathians (Stephanescu et al, 2000), the Salt Range in Pakistan (Butler et al, 1987;Davis and Lillie, 1994), and the Sierra Madre Oriental in northeast Mexico (Camerlo, 1998;Fischer and Jackson, 1999;Marrett, 1999) (cited in Costa and Vendeville, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are at least 12 FTB around the world that detach over a ductile salt layer (Jackson and Talbot, 1991;Cotton and Koyi, 2000), and most of them have been the subject of multiples studies such as the Appennines (Coward et al, 1999), the central Appalachian Engelder, 1985, 1987), the Jura (Laubscher, 1977;Philippe et al, 1996), the Mediterranean ridge offshore Libya (Von Huene, 1997;Mascle et al, 1999), the Parry Islands foldand-thrust belt in the Canadian Arctic (Harrison and Bally, 1988;Harrison, 1995), the Romanian Carpathians (Stephanescu et al, 2000), the Salt Range in Pakistan (Butler et al, 1987;Davis and Lillie, 1994), and the Sierra Madre Oriental in northeast Mexico (Camerlo, 1998;Fischer and Jackson, 1999;Marrett, 1999) (cited in Costa and Vendeville, 2002). These well-studied examples, and the use of analogue modeling (Koyi, 1988;Cobbold et al, 1989;Dixon and Liu 1992;Huiqi et al 1992;Letouezey et al, 1995;Koyi, 1998;Cotton and Koyi, 2000;Costa and Vendeville, 2002) have given us insight into the effects of salt detachments in the dynamical evolution of FTB. Generally, when FTB form in salt provinces, the structures that form are distinctly different from those in typical thin-skinned settings with siliciclastic detachments (Figure 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These remarkable differences are all explained by the fact that salt rocks have mechanical properties different from other lithologies (Buttler et al 1987;Jackson and Vendeville 1994;Hudec and Jackson, 2012). Besides the impact of salt in the rates and styles of deformation of FTB, its presence has also remarkable implications in the high potential that FTB have to develop trap structures and host large oil and gas fields (Fossen, 2010), in addition to severally influence the thermal maturation and migration pathways of hydrocarbons (Costa and Vendeville, 2002). All these facts represent a motivation to study the geometry and kinematics of their associated structures, in order to obtain a better understanding of their hydrocarbon accumulations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Seismic Imaging of Salt-influenced Compressional Folds

Valencia¹,

Carolina²

2016

78th EAGE Conference and Exhibition 2016

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Seismic Imaging of Salt-influenced Compressional Folds

Valencia¹,

Carolina²

2016

78th EAGE Conference and Exhibition 2016

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“…Sandbox experiments provide an effective means of simulating tectonic processes such as divergence or convergence of plates by stretching or compressing sand in a sandbox model (e.g., Davis et al 1983;Dahlen et al 1984;Malavieille 1984;Mulugeta 1988aMulugeta , b, 2002Bar and Dahlen 1989;Dahlen and Barr 1989;Dahlen 1990;Colletta et al 1991;Lallemand et al 1992;Willett 1992;Willett et al 1993;Byrne et al 1993;Calassou et al 1993;Sassi et al 1993;Lu and Malavieille 1994;Lallemand et al 1994;Lu et al 1995;Koyi 1995;Gutscher et al 1996Gutscher et al , 1998aMugnier et al 1997;Wand and Davis 1996;Storti et al 1997;Lu et al 1998;Bonini et al 2000;Wang and Hung 2002;Costa and Vendeville 2002;Lu et al 2002;Mouthereau et al 2002;Koyi and Vendeville 2003;Maillard et al 2003;CouzensSchultz et al 2003). The deformational process and resulting structures observed in sandbox modeling not only provide further insight into actual tectonic activities, but also facilitate an interpretation into the nature of the associated mechanism.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sandbox Experiments of Plate Convergence - Scale Effect and Associated Mechanisms

Lin¹,

Chen²,

Chang³

et al. 2005

Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci.

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ABSTRACT1 Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC 2 Institute of Geoscience, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC 3 Department of Civil Engineering, National Central University, Chung-Li, Taiwan, ROC * Corresponding author address: Prof. Fu-Shu Jeng, Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; E-mail: fsjeng@ntu.edu.tw When using a sandbox to simulate tectonic activities, it is essential to thoroughly understand scale effect and its consequence so as to ensure an adequate model with representative simulation results. This paper investigates the topography, faulting lineaments, and internal structures of different scales associated with the simulation of plate convergence using sandbox modeling, based on three major test series. In the first test series, plate convergence is performed using simple models with flat bases to investigate fundamental behavior and observe the scale effect. The scales of sandbox models are altered either by varying the thickness of sand or by applying centrifugal conditions. The models have a relative depth scale of 1 : 2 : 20 : 40. In the second test series, the scale effects of a sandbox modeling given more realistic conditions are studied, i.e., models with underlain basement highs based on the configuration of western Taiwan. In the third test series, the impact of rougher base friction, and the effects of compaction are investigated to identify possible factors related to scale effect. Based on the observed scale effect, the possible factors accounting for scale effects are also discussed in this paper.Just like most sands, the sand tested is characterized by two phenomena: (1) its internal frictional angle increases from 34° to 41° under greater degrees of compaction, with a relative density ranging from 55 to 90%; and (2) it possesses nonlinear constitutive behavior, whereby the deformational modulus increases upon greater confining stress. Such behavior inherently accounts for scale effect in the way that the embedded stress of sand is TAO, Vol. 16, No. 3, August 2005 596 proportional to its depth; however, the frictional angle and the stiffness of sand cannot be retained constant.Results obtained from the first test series indicate that models with greater depth scale tend to have less deformation concentration near the backstop, quicker thrust faulting and longer fault propagation distances. Meanwhile, internal structures of models with greater depth scales, characterized by more pop-up structures, differ from those of small-scale models. Based on the critical wedge theory, the smaller slope angle yielded under a greater depth scale indicates stronger material strength, which results from greater confining stress or compaction. Moreover, the hardening, or increased stiffness of sand may facilitate forward propagation of convergence stress thereby contributing to the occurrence of scale effect.For the second test series, the yielding of three major fault groups, and curved faults is c...

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Effects of cohesion on the structural and mechanical evolution of fold and thrust belts and contractional wedges: Discrete element simulations

Morgan

2015

JGR Solid Earth

119

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Particle-based numerical simulations of cohesive contractional wedges can yield important perspectives on the formation and evolution of fold and thrust belts, offering particular insights into the mechanical evolution of the systems. Results of several discrete element method simulations are presented here, demonstrating the stress and strain evolution of systems with different initial cohesive strengths. Particle assemblages consolidated under gravity, and bonded to impart cohesion, are pushed from the left at a constant velocity above a weak, unbonded décollement surface. Internal thrusting causes horizontal shortening and vertical thickening, forming wedge geometries. The mean wedge taper is similar for all simulations, consistent with their similar residual and basal sliding friction values. In all examples presented here, both forethrusts and back thrusts occur, but forethrusts accommodate most of the shortening. Fault spacing and offset increase with increasing cohesion. Significant tectonic volume strain also occurs, with the greatest incremental volume strain occurring just outboard of the deformation front. This diffuse shortening serves to strengthen the unfaulted domain in front of the deformed wedge, preconditioning these materials for brittle (dilative) failure. The reach of this volumetric strain and extent of décollement slip increase with cohesive strength, defining the extent of stress transmission. Stress paths for elements tracked through the simulations demonstrate systematic variations in shear stress in response to episodes of both décollement slip and thrust fault activity, providing a direct explanation for stress fluctuations during convergence.

show abstract

Experimental insights on the geometry and kinematics of fold-and-thrust belts above weak, viscous evaporitic décollement

Cited by 269 publications

References 31 publications

Seismic Imaging of Salt-influenced Compressional Folds

Seismic Imaging of Salt-influenced Compressional Folds

Sandbox Experiments of Plate Convergence - Scale Effect and Associated Mechanisms

Effects of cohesion on the structural and mechanical evolution of fold and thrust belts and contractional wedges: Discrete element simulations

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