Experimental infection with Schistosoma mansoni from Belém, Pará, Brazil: Strains newly isolated vs. laboratory maintained

Dias, Isabelle Helena Lima; Fonseca, Álvaro Luan Santana; Sousa, Sergei Rodrigo Magalhães de; Goveia, Christiane de Oliveira; Fernandez, Mônica Ammon; Enk, Martin Johannes

doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108573

Experimental Parasitology

2023

DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108573

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Experimental infection with Schistosoma mansoni from Belém, Pará, Brazil: Strains newly isolated vs. laboratory maintained

Isabelle Helena Lima Dias

Álvaro Luan Santana Fonseca

Sergei Rodrigo Magalhães de Sousa

et al.

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Cited by 2 publications

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“…Similarly, the artificially high host densities in aquaculture can promote rapid evolution of both parasite virulence and compatibility with new host species (Nowak, 2007). A comparison between 2 laboratory strains of the trematode Schistosoma mansoni, both started with specimens collected from the same locality but 34 years apart, revealed differences in several traits, including virulence and egg production, indicating that the time (and thus the number of generations) spent in laboratory culture shapes the evolution of key phenotypic traits (Dias et al, 2023). In the cestode Schistocephalus solidus, only 4 generations of artificial selection were sufficient for the parasite to evolve significantly faster growth rates within its arthropod intermediate host (Benesh, 2023).…”

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Model worms: knowledge gains and risks associated with the use of model species in parasitological research

Poulin

2023

Parasitology

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Model parasite species, whose entire life cycle can be completed in the laboratory and maintained for multiple generations, have played a fundamental role in our understanding of host–parasite interactions. Yet, keeping parasites in laboratory conditions may expose them to unnatural evolutionary pressures, and using laboratory cultures for research is therefore not without limitations. Using 2 widely-used model helminth species, the cestode Hymenolepis diminuta and the nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus, I illustrate the caution needed when interpreting experimental results on model species. I first review more than 1200 experimental studies published on these species in the past 4 decades, to determine which research areas they have contributed to. This is followed by an examination of the institutional laboratory cultures that have provided the parasites used in these studies. Some of these have persisted for decades and accounted for a substantial proportion of published studies, whereas others have been short-lived. Using information provided by the curators of active cultures, I summarize data on their origins and maintenance conditions. Finally, I discuss how laboratory cultures may have been subject to the influence of evolutionary genetic processes, such as founder effects, genetic drift and inbreeding. I also address the possibility that serial passage through laboratory hosts across multiple generations has exerted artificial selection on several parasite traits, resulting in genetic and phenotypic divergence among laboratory cultures, and between these cultures and natural parasite populations. I conclude with recommendations for the continued usage of laboratory helminth cultures aimed at maximizing their important contribution to parasitological research.

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Model worms: knowledge gains and risks associated with the use of model species in parasitological research

Poulin

2023

Parasitology

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Evolution of parasites in the Anthropocene: new pressures, new adaptive directions

Poulin,

Salloum,

Bennett

2024

Biological Reviews

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The Anthropocene is seeing the human footprint rapidly spreading to all of Earth's ecosystems. The fast‐changing biotic and abiotic conditions experienced by all organisms are exerting new and strong selective pressures, and there is a growing list of examples of human‐induced evolution in response to anthropogenic impacts. No organism is exempt from these novel selective pressures. Here, we synthesise current knowledge on human‐induced evolution in eukaryotic parasites of animals, and present a multidisciplinary framework for its study and monitoring. Parasites generally have short generation times and huge fecundity, features that predispose them for rapid evolution. We begin by reviewing evidence that parasites often have substantial standing genetic variation, and examples of their rapid evolution both under conditions of livestock production and in serial passage experiments. We then present a two‐step conceptual overview of the causal chain linking anthropogenic impacts to parasite evolution. First, we review the major anthropogenic factors impacting parasites, and identify the selective pressures they exert on parasites through increased mortality of either infective stages or adult parasites, or through changes in host density, quality or immunity. Second, we discuss what new phenotypic traits are likely to be favoured by the new selective pressures resulting from altered parasite mortality or host changes; we focus mostly on parasite virulence and basic life‐history traits, as these most directly influence the transmission success of parasites and the pathology they induce. To illustrate the kinds of evolutionary changes in parasites anticipated in the Anthropocene, we present a few scenarios, either already documented or hypothetical but plausible, involving parasite taxa in livestock, aquaculture and natural systems. Finally, we offer several approaches for investigations and real‐time monitoring of rapid, human‐induced evolution in parasites, ranging from controlled experiments to the use of state‐of‐the‐art genomic tools. The implications of fast‐evolving parasites in the Anthropocene for disease emergence and the dynamics of infections in domestic animals and wildlife are concerning. Broader recognition that it is not only the conditions for parasite transmission that are changing, but the parasites themselves, is needed to meet better the challenges ahead.

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Experimental infection with Schistosoma mansoni from Belém, Pará, Brazil: Strains newly isolated vs. laboratory maintained

Cited by 2 publications

References 17 publications

Model worms: knowledge gains and risks associated with the use of model species in parasitological research

Model worms: knowledge gains and risks associated with the use of model species in parasitological research

Evolution of parasites in the Anthropocene: new pressures, new adaptive directions

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