Experimental infection of specific pathogen free (SPF) cats with 
two different strains of <i>Bartonella henselae</i> type I: A comparative study

Yamamoto, Kazuhiro; Chomel, Bruno B; Kasten, Rickie W.; Hew, Carrie M.; Weber, David; Lee, Wilson I.

doi:10.1051/vetres:2002048

Cited by 31 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Effective vertical transmission from cow to calf could also explain such a high percentage of infection in heifers. However, the absence of bacteremia in calves Ͻ8 months of age despite the lack of maternal antibodies in 19% (20,29,33).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Cow Age and Pregnancy on Bartonella Infection in a Herd of Dairy Cattle

et al. 2006

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Bartonella spp. are small hemotropic bacteria infecting mammals. Four Bartonella species have been recently described in cattle and wild ruminants. To date, the biology and possible pathogenic role of Bartonella species isolated from ruminants are poorly understood. Therefore, a dairy herd of 448 cows and heifers was surveyed in order to establish the prevalence of Bartonella bovis and B. chomelii infections, the level of bacteremia, and the relationship between bacteremia and age or pregnancy status. The putative impact of Bartonella infection on production performance (individual milk cell count, milk yield) and reproductive status (success of artificial insemination [AI], placental retention, embryonic death, and abortion) was also assessed. The overall mean prevalence of B. bovis bacteremia was 59%, with the highest prevalence in heifers (92.5%). No B. chomelii was isolated, and 95% (114/120) of the B. bovis strains isolated and tested by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism belonged to type I. The level of bacteremia was higher in pregnant cows than in nonpregnant cows (P ‫؍‬ 0.05), and the level of bacteremia rose during the last two-thirds of gestation (P < 0.001). There was no correlation between bacteremia and milk yield, individual milk cell count, success of first AI, interval between two calvings, or incidence of abortion and embryonic death. The interval from calving to first AI was shorter and the incidence of placental retention was lower in bacteremic animals than in nonbacteremic ones (P ‫؍‬ 0.03 and P ‫؍‬ 0.01, respectively).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Cow Age and Pregnancy on Bartonella Infection in a Herd of Dairy Cattle

et al. 2006

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“…These analyses have been applied not only to epidemiological investigations of human B. henselae infections but also to broader surveys of human and feline isolate collections. Such surveys have revealed limited diversity among human-infecting isolates (2, 5, 10) and even some type-specific differences in virulence (8,31,35) but, as yet, no direct evidence for any particular hypervirulent genotypes. Several B. henselae genes and genetic loci have been subjected to comparative analysis for typing purposes, including the 16S and 23S ribosomal DNA (rDNA), 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region, and fragments of protein-encoding genes such as gltA, ftsZ, and pap31 (6,37,38).…”

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confidence: 99%

Characterization of the Natural Population of Bartonella henselae by Multilocus Sequence Typing

et al. 2003

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Investigations of the population genetics of Bartonella henselae have demonstrated a high level of diversity among strains, and the delineation of isolates into one of two subtypes, type I (Houston) and type II (Marseille), represented by specific 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences, has long been considered the most significant genotypic division within the species. This belief is challenged by recent work suggesting a role for horizontal gene exchange in generating intraspecies diversity. We attempted to resolve this issue and extend exploration of the population structure of B. henselae by using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) to examine the distribution of polymorphisms within nine different genes in a sample of 37 human and feline isolates. MLST distinguished seven sequence types (STs) that resolved into three distinct lineages, suggesting a clonal population structure for the species, and support for these divisions was obtained by macrorestriction analysis using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The distribution of STs among isolates recovered from human infections was not random, and such isolates were significantly more often associated with one particular ST, lending further support to the suggestion that specific genotypes contribute disproportionately to the disease burden in humans. All but one isolate lay on lineages that bore the representative strain of either the Houston or Marseille subtype. However, the distribution of the two 16S rDNA alleles among the isolates was not entirely congruent with their lineage allocations, indicating that this is not a sensitive marker of the clonal divisions within the species. The inheritances of several of the genes studied could not be reconciled with one another, providing further evidence of horizontal gene transfer among B. henselae strains and suggesting that recombination has a role in shaping the genetic character of bartonellae.Bartonella henselae is now well established as a significant human pathogen and is possibly the agent of the world's most common bacterial zoonosis acquired from a companion animal. The bacterium is naturally maintained through persistent, subclinical infections in felids and is transmitted between reservoir hosts via arthropods (Ctenocephalides felis). The prevalence of B. henselae bacteremia in domestic cats ranges from about 10 to 40% (7, 17), and infections have been encountered virtually worldwide. Cat scratch disease (CSD) is the most commonly encountered B. henselae-induced syndrome in humans, with an estimated 25,000 cases and several thousand hospitalizations occurring each year in the United States alone (16,19,21,34). B. henselae is also unique in its invasion mechanism (9) and capacity to drive angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo (20). Although the prevalence of reported CSD and other B. henselae infections is relatively high (10 cases per 100,000 population per annum in the United States), the frequency of human inoculation by B. henselae is likely to be considerably greater, given the high carriage rates in domestic...

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“…A similar phenomena has been reported in previous reports on naturally infected cats (1) as well as on cats experimentally infected with the peripheral blood from naturally infected cats (16,17). In addition, specific-pathogen free (SPF) cats inoculated with multiple strains containing genetically distinct organisms also showed repeated bacteremia infections (10,30). Comparing these data, cats infected with the monoclonal organisms were demonstrated to show only a short duration of bacteremia without relapse (1,9,24).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predominant T Helper 2 Immune Responses againstBartonella henselaein Naturally Infected Cats

Kabeya

Sase

Yamashita

et al. 2006

Microbiology and Immunology

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Accumulating studies have demonstrated that Bartonella henselae is associated with a spectrum of human diseases including cat-scratch disease (CSD), bacillary angiomatosis, peliosis hepatis, endocarditis, relapsing fever and bacteremia in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised persons (6,18,25,(27)(28)(29). It has been found that bacteremic cats play an important role as a reservoir of B. henselae (5,13,22). Despite high levels of bacteria in cats for many months, most bacteremic cats are asymptomatic, and the pathogenesis and mechanisms of the establishment of persistent infection by B. henselae in cats are not fully understood (9, 17).B. henselae invades feline erythrocytes and endothelial cells, suggesting that the agent belongs to an intracellular pathogen (15). Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) is believed to play significant roles in excluding intracellular pathogens. To evaluate the functions of CMI and humoral immunity (HI), examining the cytokine expression levels in T-lymphocytes is considered important. Because it has not been possible to assess the feline cytokine expression, there has been no information about the effectiveness of CMI against B. henselae infection in cats.In the present study, we used a quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to evaluate the induction of feline gamma-interferon (IFN-γ) and feline interleukin 4 (IL-4), which are representatives of activations of T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 2 (Th2), respectively. Furthermore, the mRNA expressions of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), which is a key cytokine inducing the Th1 responses, were also examined by quantitative RT-PCR (32). The relationship between the levels of bacteremia and the Th1/Th2 cytokines were examined by using three naturally B. henselae infected cats showing relapsing bacteremia. were observed in PBMC from these infected cats after the bacteremia had peaked, showing that the T helper 2 (Th2) responses were specifically induced in the cats. Furthermore, the specific antibody titer increased, resulting in a decrease in the number of B. henselae to undetectable levels in these cats. However, the number of bacteria increased again in two of these cats at 90 and 45 days after the previous bacteremia, respectively. These results suggest that B. henselae predominantly induced IL-4 production from PBMC and resulted in stimulation of the humoral immune responses, including the secretion of specific antibodies in the cats. Furthermore, the specific antibody may play a role in eliminating the bacteria from cats partially but not completely, because relapsing bacteremia was found in these two cats. Predominant T Helper 2 Immune Responses against

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Experimental infection of specific pathogen free (SPF) cats with two different strains of Bartonella henselae type I: A comparative study

Cited by 31 publications

References 53 publications

Effects of Cow Age and Pregnancy on Bartonella Infection in a Herd of Dairy Cattle

Effects of Cow Age and Pregnancy on Bartonella Infection in a Herd of Dairy Cattle

Characterization of the Natural Population of Bartonella henselae by Multilocus Sequence Typing

Predominant T Helper 2 Immune Responses againstBartonella henselaein Naturally Infected Cats

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