Experimental Infection of Human Volunteers with Equine Influenza Virus

Kasel, Julius A.; Alford, Robert H.; Knight, Vernon; Waddell, Glenn H.; Sigel, M. Michael

doi:10.1038/206041a0

Cited by 45 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…On the other hand, even though direct transmission of Eq H3N8 IAV to humans has not been reported, infection of humans with Eq IAV under experimental conditions has been proven productive (4). The fact that Eq IAVs have the ability to infect humans and that these viruses Ͻ20 Ͻ20 Ͻ20 Ͻ20 Ͻ20 Ͻ20 a Preboost, HI titers for sera collected 9 days after the first immunization; Postboost, HI titers for sera collected 14 days after the second immunization.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Equine IAV has not been reported to cause disease in humans; however, a study from the 1960s showed that, in fact, humans were susceptible to equine IAV infection when infected with A/Equine/Miami/1/63 (H3N8) (4). Also, studies with archeoserological samples suggested that the virus circulating in humans during the 1889 pandemic could belong to the H3N8 subtype (5).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mean death time and viral growth. Ten-day-old embryonated eggs were inoculated with 0.1 ml of Sw, Eq, Ca, Av, and Se viruses containing 10 4 and 10 5 50% chicken embryo infectious doses (EID 50 ), respectively. Three eggs per sample were used.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Cross-Species Infectivity of H3N8 Influenza Virus in an Experimental Infection in Swine

Solórzano

Foni

Córdoba

et al. 2015

J Virol

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Avian influenza A viruses have gained increasing attention due to their ability to cross the species barrier and cause severe disease in humans and other mammal species as pigs. H3 and particularly H3N8 viruses, are highly adaptive since they are found in multiple avian and mammal hosts. H3N8 viruses have not been isolated yet from humans; however, a recent report showed that equine influenza A viruses (IAVs) can be isolated from pigs, although an established infection has not been observed thus far in this host. To gain insight into the possibility of H3N8 avian IAVs to cross the species barrier into pigs, in vitro experiments and an experimental infection in pigs with four H3N8 viruses from different origins (equine, canine, avian, and seal) were performed. As a positive control, an H3N2 swine influenza virus A was used. Although equine and canine viruses hardly replicated in the respiratory systems of pigs, avian and seal viruses replicated substantially and caused detectable lesions in inoculated pigs without previous adaptation. Interestingly, antibodies against hemagglutinin could not be detected after infection by hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) test with avian and seal viruses. This phenomenon was observed not only in pigs but also in mice immunized with the same virus strains. Our data indicated that H3N8 IAVs from wild aquatic birds have the potential to cross the species barrier and establish successful infections in pigs that might spread unnoticed using the HAI test as diagnostic tool. IMPORTANCEAlthough natural infection of humans with an avian H3N8 influenza A virus has not yet been reported, this influenza A virus subtype has already crossed the species barrier. Therefore, we have examined the potential of H3N8 from canine, equine, avian, and seal origin to productively infect pigs. Our results demonstrated that avian and seal viruses replicated substantially and caused detectable lesions in inoculated pigs without previous adaptation. Surprisingly, we could not detect specific antibodies against hemagglutinin in any H3N8-infected pigs. Therefore, special attention should be focused toward viruses of the H3N8 subtype since they could behave as stealth viruses in pigs.T he most ubiquitous hemagglutinin (HA) subtype of influenza A virus (IAV) is the H3, as it can be found in a variety of organisms, including humans, pigs, horses, dogs, cats, seals, poultry, and wild aquatic birds. Among all H3 subtypes, the H3N8 has turned out particularly interesting since it has established lineages not only in wild aquatic birds but also in mammalian species such as horses and dogs. At present, H3N8 is the only IAV subtype circulating in equine and canine species (1, 2). However, until now this subtype is not circulating in pigs and humans (1).Recently, equine H3N8 (clade II) strains have been isolated from pigs in China (3), but except for this publication no more data about transmission of equine IAV to pigs has been reported. Equine IAV has not been reported to cause disease in humans; however, a st...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cross-Species Infectivity of H3N8 Influenza Virus in an Experimental Infection in Swine

Solórzano

Foni

Córdoba

et al. 2015

J Virol

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“…Αρχικά υπήρ ξαν φόβοι ότι ο υπότυπος Η3 των ιπποειδών μπορεί να είχε αντιγονική σχέση με τον υπότυπο Η3 της γρί πης του ανθρώπου, καθώς έχουν κοινό πρόγονο. Αυτοί οι φόβοι ενισχύθηκαν από τα αποτελέσματα μελέτης που έδειξε ότι, μετά από πειραματική μόλυν ση, ο άνθρωπος δυνητικά μπορεί να νοσήσει από τον ιό της γρίπης των ιπποειδών Η3Ν8 (Kasel et al, 1965, Kasel andCouch, 1969). Όμως, η αλληλούχιση και η φυλογενετική ανάλυση έδειξαν ότι πρόκειται για δια φορετικούς υποτύπους Η3 του γονιδίου HA.…”

Section: μετάδοση του ιοΰ της γρίπης των υυιοειδών σε άλλα είδη ξενιστώνunclassified

Equine influenza

Bountouri

Fragkiadaki

DAFIS

et al. 2017

J Hellenic Vet Med Soc

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Equine Influenza (ΕΙ) is an acute, highly contagious, respiratory disease of equine. The causative agent of EI infections is a type A influenza virus, classified into the family Orthomyxovirìdae. Up to today two subtypes of EI are known, subtype 1 (H7N7) and subtype 2 (H3N8). Subtype 1 has not been isolated since 1977 and is presumed that has been replaced by the subtype 2, which is the causative agent of many recent outbreaks. Antigenic drift of H3N8 viruses resulted in the divergence of strains into two distinct evolutionary lineages, which co-circulate. The high morbidity of equine influenza disease was demonstrated in all resent widespread outbreaks all over the world. On the other hand, the mortality rate of influenza disease in equids is generally low, unless secondary bacterial infections occurred. Devastating economic loss of the disease in breeding and race animals reinforced the importance of vaccination. Despite the extensive use of vaccines, outbreaks of equine influenza continue to occur. In 2003 there were widespread outbreaks of equine influenza among un vaccinates and regularly vaccinated horses in Europe and later all over the world, even in regions that rarely report equine influenza outbreaks. However, studies have shown that vaccination does not prevent transmission and on the other hand multiple booster doses could result to paralysis of the immune system. Furthermore, all these developments including transmission to swine and dogs, shows the unpredictable evolutionary pathways the equine influenza virus follows. In conclusion, influenza surveillance and research should go on and provide useful tools to better evaluate when vaccine strains should be updated.

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“…However, illness occurred infrequently (12%), suggesting that this virus was more virulent for horses than for humans (41)(42)(43).…”

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confidence: 99%

Replication and Immunogenicity of Swine, Equine, and Avian H3 Subtype Influenza Viruses in Mice and Ferrets

Baz

Paskel

Matsuoka

et al. 2013

J Virol

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Since it is difficult to predict which influenza virus subtype will cause an influenza pandemic, it is important to prepare influenza virus vaccines against different subtypes and evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of candidate vaccines in preclinical and clinical studies prior to a pandemic. In addition to infecting humans, H3 influenza viruses commonly infect pigs, horses, and avian species. We selected 11 swine, equine, and avian H3 influenza viruses and evaluated their kinetics of replication and ability to induce a broadly cross-reactive antibody response in mice and ferrets. The swine and equine viruses replicated well in the upper respiratory tract of mice. With the exception of one avian virus that replicated poorly in the lower respiratory tract, all of the viruses replicated in mouse lungs. In ferrets, all of the viruses replicated well in the upper respiratory tract, but the equine viruses replicated poorly in the lungs. Extrapulmonary spread was not observed in either mice or ferrets. No single virus elicited antibodies that cross-reacted with viruses from all three animal sources. Avian and equine H3 viruses elicited broadly cross-reactive antibodies against heterologous viruses isolated from the same or other species, but the swine viruses did not. We selected an equine and an avian H3 influenza virus for further development as vaccines.

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Experimental Infection of Human Volunteers with Equine Influenza Virus

Cited by 45 publications

References 5 publications

Cross-Species Infectivity of H3N8 Influenza Virus in an Experimental Infection in Swine

Cross-Species Infectivity of H3N8 Influenza Virus in an Experimental Infection in Swine

Equine influenza

Replication and Immunogenicity of Swine, Equine, and Avian H3 Subtype Influenza Viruses in Mice and Ferrets

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