Experimental infection of Flavobacterium psychrophilum in fins of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar revealed by scanning electron microscopy

Martínez, Jorge Coque; Casado, A.; Enríquez, Ricardo

doi:10.3354/dao059079

Cited by 31 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…CWD in 102 Miwa & Nakayasu: Pathogenesis of cold water disease salmonids is sometimes called 'fin rot' and one of the early signs of the disease is loss of fin-tip integrity (Shotts & Starliper 1999). Martinez et al (2004) reported that F. psychrophilum was present on the ossified axis of fin rays but not in the epidermis of the experimentally infected Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. They showed that the bacterium penetrated directly into the ray axis probably by secreting protease(s) that eroded the tissue matrix.…”

Section: Affinity Of the Bacterium For Tissuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the experimental infection of F. psychrophilum through immersion is often difficult (Nematollahi et al 2003), incision or removal of the mucus layer from the skin markedly enhances the susceptibility of rainbow trout to water-borne bacteria (Madetoja et al 2000). Martinez et al (2004) also reported that the ray axis of fins needs to be exposed by previous damage for the invasion of F. psychrophilum. Skin injuries are also important portals for some other bacterial infections of fish such as Aeromonas hydrophila infection in the channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (Ventura & Grizzle 1987).…”

Section: Portals Of Entrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, F. psychrophilum produces enzymes that degrade collagen (Ostland et al 2000). Martinez et al (2004) argues that the requirement for calcium for the activation of an extracellular protease of the bacterium is the reason for the preference of the bacterium for the fin rays in early phases of salmonid CWD. In the present study, small numbers of the bacterium were found in the periphery of bones in 2 cases.…”

Section: Affinity Of the Bacterium For Tissuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pathogenesis of experimentally induced bacterial cold water disease in ayu Plecoglossus altivelis

Miwa

Nakayasu²

2005

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Ayu Plecoglossus altivelis were experimentally infected with Flavobacterium psychrophilum, which is the causative agent of bacterial cold water disease (CWD). The fish infected by immersion usually died within an hour after they became moribund. The blood volume and haematocrit values of moribund fish were low, while those values of many infected fish that were not moribund were in the range of controls. Most of the affected fish in the immersion-infected groups had ulcerative lesions on their lower jaw. No histological evidence of haemolysis was observed. These results suggest that rapid bleeding occurred through ulcerative lesions, probably causing hypoxia which killed the fish. Ulcerative lesions developed on the dorsal skin when this area had been slightly abraded artificially prior to immersion challenge. Histologically, F. psychrophilum was initially found on the skin that had microscopic injuries, but not on normal skin. The bacterium then entered the dermis and migrated through connective tissues. The lesions subsequently expanded into the underlying musculature through the myosepta, developed necrotic myositis and formed externally open ulcers. Only in later stages of infection did mild lesions develop in the internal organs and the gill, probably caused by the bacterium migrating through blood vessels. This suggests that infection with CWD through the gill or digestive tract is unlikely. Virtually no open lesions were found in ayu challenged by intramuscular injections except at the injection sites. The results suggest that skin injuries are major portals of entry for F. psychrophilum in ayu, and the bacterium has affinity for collagenous connective tissues. KEY WORDS: Cold water disease · Flavobacterium psychrophilum · Pathogenesis · Ayu · Plecoglossus altivelis Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 67: [93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104] 2005 salmonids in which the disease occurs most frequently when the water temperature is between 4 and 10°C (Shotts & Starliper 1999). The most notable clinical sign of CWD in ayu is anaemia as revealed by pale gills (Iida & Mizokami 1996). Ulcerative lesions are often found on the caudal peduncle of affected wild ayu, including stocked fish (Iida & Mizokami 1996). However, when CWD occurs in cultured ayu, ulcerative lesions on the surface of the body trunk are often not observed, although haemorrhagic lesions or ulcers develop on the lower jaw of many of the affected fish. The ulcerative lesions found on the caudal peduncle of affected wild ayu might develop following infection by the bacteria into skin wounds caused by fishing (snagging) or by territorial aggression by other ayu. Erosion of fins (fin rot) or tail loss, which are typical clinical signs for CWD in salmonids (Nematollahi et al. 2003), are not observed in ayu. Furthermore, the F. psychrophilum strain(s) that causes CWD in ayu is distinct serologically and genetically from those in other fish species including salmonids...

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Section: Affinity Of the Bacterium For Tissuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Portals Of Entrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Affinity Of the Bacterium For Tissuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pathogenesis of experimentally induced bacterial cold water disease in ayu Plecoglossus altivelis

Miwa

Nakayasu²

2005

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…Likewise, Miwa and Nakayasu [53] recovered the bacteria only from damaged skin, even if inflicted injuries were only micro-scopic, and emphasized that skin injuries are a major portal for F. psychrophilum entry. The bacterium likely has an affinity for the lower jaw, fin, and caudal peduncle [54,55]. The infectivity of F. psychrophilum may be influenced by the presence of other infectious or noninfectious organisms [52].…”

Section: Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Flavobacterium Psychrophilum Biology, Clinical Signs, and Bacterial Cold Water Disease Prevention and Treat

Barnes¹

2011

TOFISHSJ

109

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Bacterial coldwater disease and other infections caused by Flavobacterium psychrophilum are a worldwide concern, particularly for freshwater salmonid hatcheries. F. psychrophilum infections can be difficult to control; antibiotic resistance is common and no effective vaccines are currently available. This review summarizes the biology and characteristics of this important pathogen, as well as the techniques required for isolation and identification. In addition, the epidemiology, clinical signs, treatment, and possible preventative measures of bacterial coldwater disease are discussed.

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“…Albeit yellow catfish is the most susceptible species to E. ictaluri infection, bacterium F. columnare is the causative agent of bacterial cold water disease. Previous studies have demonstrated that when fish were infected with F. columnare the pathogen could be detected from mucus, skin as well as jaws by electron microscopy (Martinez, Casado, & Enriquez, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

Wang¹,

Wang²,

Luo³

et al. 2018

Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.

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Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) as a member of TGF-β superfamily plays crucial roles in regulation of immune responses. Yellow catfish, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco, is one of the most important freshwater aquaculture species in China, but little is known about its genes related to immune response. The present study cloned cDNA encoding TGF-β1 from P. fulvidraco. The results showed the full-length cDNA of TGF-β1 is 2,816 bp and encodes 461 amino acids. The homology of P. fulvidraco TGF-β1 depicted 83% and 81% similarity to the TGF-β1 in Stegastes partitus and Pundamilia nyererei respectively. The phylogenetic tree construction revealed that P. fulvidraco is closely related to Astyanax mexicanus. Analysis of mRNA expression of TGF-β1 in different tissues (gonads, brain, liver, kidney, spleen, intestine, blood, gills, muscle and heart) revealed that TGF-β1 is predominantly expressed in liver and brain, followed by gill and spleen. TGF-β1 gene in gill and spleen up-regulated for 48h after Edwardsiella ictaluri and Flavobacterium columnare injection, then the expression showed a significant decrease (p<0.05). These results indicated that TGF-β1 contributes to the inherent immune reaction of P. fulvidraco.

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Experimental infection of Flavobacterium psychrophilum in fins of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar revealed by scanning electron microscopy

Cited by 31 publications

References 8 publications

Pathogenesis of experimentally induced bacterial cold water disease in ayu Plecoglossus altivelis

Pathogenesis of experimentally induced bacterial cold water disease in ayu Plecoglossus altivelis

A Review of Flavobacterium Psychrophilum Biology, Clinical Signs, and Bacterial Cold Water Disease Prevention and Treat

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