Experimental impact cratering: A summary of the major results of the <scp>MEMIN</scp> research unit

Kenkmann, T.; Deutsch, A.; Thoma, Klaus; Ebert, Matthias; Poelchau, M. H.; Buhl, Elmar; Carl, Eva‐Regine; Danilewsky, A.N.; Dresen, Georg; Dufresne, Anja; Durr, Nathanaël; Ehm, Lars; Große, Christian U.; Gulde, Max; Güldemeister, N.; Hamann, Christopher; Hecht, Lutz; Hiermaier, Stefan; Hoerth, T.; Kowitz, A.; Langenhorst, F.; Lexow, B.; Liermann, Hanns‐Peter; Luther, R.; Mansfeld, Ulrich; Moser, Dorothee; Raith, Manuel; Reimold, W. U.; Sauer, Martin; Schäfer, Frank; Schmitt, Rüdiger; Sommer, Frank; Wilk, J.; Winkler, Rebecca; Wünnemann, K.

doi:10.1111/maps.13048

Cited by 29 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 109 publications

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“…This suggestion has been taken into account for the numerical model of the marble crater and first dynamic strength measurements of Carrara marble were used as constraints (Kenkmann et al. , ; Zwiessler et al. ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subsurface deformation of experimental hypervelocity impacts in quartzite and marble targets

Winkler

Luther

Poelchau

et al. 2018

Meteorit & Planetary Scien

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Two impact cratering experiments on nonporous rock targets were carried out to determine the influence of target composition on the structural mechanisms of subsurface deformation. Projectiles of 2.5 mm diameter were accelerated to ~5 km s−1 and impacted onto blocks of marble or quartzite. Subsurface deformation was mapped and analyzed on the microscale using thin sections of the bisected craters. Additionally, both experiments were modeled and the calculated strain zones underneath the craters were compared to experimental deformation features. Microanalysis shows that the formation of radial, tensile, and intragranular cracks is a common response of both nonporous materials to impact cratering. In the quartzite target, the subsurface damage is additionally characterized by highly localized deformation along shear bands with intense grain comminution, surrounded by damage zones. In contrast, the marble target shows closely spaced calcite twinning and cleavage activation. Crater diameter and depth as well as the damage lens underneath the crater are unexpectedly smaller in the marble target compared to the quartzite target, which is in contradiction to the marble's much weaker compressive and tensile strengths. However, numerical models result in craters that are similar in size as well as in strain accumulation at the end of transient crater formation, indicating that current models should still be viewed cautiously when compared to experimental details.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subsurface deformation of experimental hypervelocity impacts in quartzite and marble targets

Winkler

Luther

Poelchau

et al. 2018

Meteorit & Planetary Scien

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“…In this study that was conducted in the framework of the Multidisciplinary Experimental and Modeling Impact Research Network (MEMIN, e.g., Kenkmann et al. ), we use numerical modeling to systematically investigate the effect of several important target material properties on the ejection velocity vector (speed and angle) as a function of launch position within the growing crater. The results are used to predict the amount of ejecta landing on the surface as a function of distance assuming ballistic trajectories in the absence of an atmosphere.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of target properties and impact velocity on ejection dynamics and ejecta deposition

Luther

Zhu

Collins

et al. 2018

Meteorit & Planetary Scien

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Impact craters are formed by the displacement and ejection of target material. Ejection angles and speeds during the excavation process depend on specific target properties. In order to quantify the influence of the constitutive properties of the target and impact velocity on ejection trajectories, we present the results of a systematic numerical parameter study. We have carried out a suite of numerical simulations of impact scenarios with different coefficients of friction (0.0–1.0), porosities (0–42%), and cohesions (0–150 MPa). Furthermore, simulations with varying pairs of impact velocity (1–20 km s−1) and projectile mass yielding craters of approximately equal volume are examined. We record ejection speed, ejection angle, and the mass of ejected material to determine parameters in scaling relationships, and to calculate the thickness of deposited ejecta by assuming analytical parabolic trajectories under Earth gravity. For the resulting deposits, we parameterize the thickness as a function of radial distance by a power law. We find that strength—that is, the coefficient of friction and target cohesion—has the strongest effect on the distribution of ejecta. In contrast, ejecta thickness as a function of distance is very similar for different target porosities and for varying impact velocities larger than ~6 km s−1. We compare the derived ejecta deposits with observations from natural craters and experiments.

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“…Here we present impact cratering experiments on strongly foliated and highly anisotropic Maggia gneiss that were conducted in the framework of MEMIN, the Multidisciplinary Experimental and Modeling Impact Crater Research Network (Kenkmann et al, ). The experimental impact is expected to cause plastic deformation, such as kinking and fracturing in biotite, in crater subsurface (e.g., Cummings, ; Hörz, ; Hörz & Ahrens, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variation in Magnetic Fabrics at Low Shock Pressure Due to Experimental Impact Cratering

et al. 2019

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Magnetic fabrics provide important clues for understanding impact cratering processes. However, only a few magnetic fabric studies for experimentally shocked material have been reported so far. In the framework of MEMIN (Multidisciplinary Experimental and Modeling Impact Research Network), we conducted two impact experiments on blocks of Maggia gneiss with the foliation oriented perpendicular (A38) and parallel (A37) to the target surface. Maggia gneiss has plenty of biotite bands forming a strong rock foliation. The bulk magnetic susceptibility varies from 0.376 × 10−3 to 1.298 × 10−3 SI in unshocked and from 0.443 × 10−3 to 3.940 × 10−3 SI in shocked gneiss. The thermomagnetic curves reveal a Verwey transition at −147 °C and a Curie temperature between 576 and 579 °C in unshocked and shocked samples, indicating nearly pure magnetite, which carries the magnetic fabrics. In A37 and A38 kinking is prominent from the point source down to a depth of 2 and 4.2 dp (projectile diameter) or 1 and 2.1 cm, respectively. Kinking, folding, and fracturing changed the position of magnetite grains with respect to each other to reorient the magnetic fabrics. Reorientation of magnetic fabrics is conspicuous down to 20 dp (10 cm) in A38, where no other impact‐related deformation is visible. The reorientation of magnetic fabrics may, therefore, aid in identifying impact processes at very low pressures, starting at 0.1 GPa, when other common indicators are absent.

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Experimental impact cratering: A summary of the major results of the MEMIN research unit

Cited by 29 publications

References 109 publications

Subsurface deformation of experimental hypervelocity impacts in quartzite and marble targets

Subsurface deformation of experimental hypervelocity impacts in quartzite and marble targets

Effect of target properties and impact velocity on ejection dynamics and ejecta deposition

Variation in Magnetic Fabrics at Low Shock Pressure Due to Experimental Impact Cratering

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