Experimental fault-tolerant universal quantum gates with solid-state spins under ambient conditions

Rong, Xing; Geng, Jianpei; Shi, Fazhan; Liu, Ying; Xu, Kebiao; Ma, Wenchao; Kong, Fei; Jiang, Zhen; Wu, Yang; Du, Jiangfeng

doi:10.1038/ncomms9748

Cited by 240 publications

(219 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(39 reference statements)

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“…Accurate knowledge of the hyperfine interaction is necessary, e.g., for designing precise and fast control sequences for the nuclear spins [14,15]. With a known Hamiltonian, control sequences can be tailored by optimal control techniques to dramatically improve the speed and precision of multi-qubit gates [16][17][18][19].The 13 C nuclear spin of the first coordination shell is a good choice for a qubit due to its large hyperfine coupling to the electronic spin of the NV center, which can be used to implement fast gate operations [3,20,21] or highspeed quantum memories [22]. Full exploitation of this potential requires accurate knowledge of the hyperfine interaction, including the anisotropic (tensor) components.…”

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Characterization of hyperfine interaction between an NV electron spin and a first-shellC13nuclear spin in diamond

Rao

Suter

2016

Phys. Rev. B

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The Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) center in diamond has attractive properties for a number of quantum technologies that rely on the spin angular momentum of the electron and the nuclei adjacent to the center. The nucleus with the strongest interaction is the 13 C nuclear spin of the first shell. Using this degree of freedom effectively hinges on precise data on the hyperfine interaction between the electronic and the nuclear spin. Here, we present detailed experimental data on this interaction, together with an analysis that yields all parameters of the hyperfine tensor, as well as its orientation with respect to the atomic structure of the center.PACS numbers: 03.67. Lx, 76.70.Hb, 33.35.+r, 61.72.JNitrogen-Vacancy (NV) centers in diamond have interesting properties for applications in room-temperature metrology, spectroscopy, and Quantum Information Processing (QIP) [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Nuclear spins, coupled by hyperfine interaction to the electron spin of the NV-center, are important for many of these applications [1,3,[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. For example, in QIP applications, the nuclear spins can hold quantum information [12,13], serving as part of a quantum register [1]. Accurate knowledge of the hyperfine interaction is necessary, e.g., for designing precise and fast control sequences for the nuclear spins [14,15]. With a known Hamiltonian, control sequences can be tailored by optimal control techniques to dramatically improve the speed and precision of multi-qubit gates [16][17][18][19].The 13 C nuclear spin of the first coordination shell is a good choice for a qubit due to its large hyperfine coupling to the electronic spin of the NV center, which can be used to implement fast gate operations [3,20,21] or highspeed quantum memories [22]. Full exploitation of this potential requires accurate knowledge of the hyperfine interaction, including the anisotropic (tensor) components. The interaction tensor has been calculated by , but only a limited number of experimental studies of this hyperfine interaction exist to date [27][28][29]. In this work, we present a detailed analysis of this hyperfine interaction. The experiments were carried out on single NV centers of a diamond crystal with a natural abundance of 13 C and a nitrogen concentration of < 5 ppb using a home-built confocal microscope and microwave electronics for excitation [22].The presence of a nuclear spin in the first coordination shell reduces the symmetry of the NV center from C 3V to C S , a single mirror plane. This symmetry plane passes through the NV symmetry axis and the 13 C nuclear spin as illustrated in Fig. 1(a). The NV symmetry axis defines the z-axis of the NV frame of reference, the x-axis lies in the symmetry plane of the center, and the y-axis is perpendicular to both of them. Due to the symmetry of the system, only those elements of the hyperfine tensor that are invariant with respect to the inversion of the y-coordinate can be non-zero. Hence, the hyperfine Hamiltonian in the NV frame of reference can be written as(1) Here, S α an...

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Characterization of hyperfine interaction between an NV electron spin and a first-shellC13nuclear spin in diamond

Rao

Suter

2016

Phys. Rev. B

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“…To overcome the limitation of coherence time, the optimal control is adopted here to replace the adiabatic evolution part, which is robust to noise and guarantees high fidelity. Recently, the shaped pulse technique, which is used for optimal controls in our experiments, has been realized by serval NV-based quantum computation proposals [9,11,30]. The experiment consists of four stages.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Many quantum gates [6][7][8][9], quantum algorithms [10], quantum error corrections [11,12] and quantum simulations [13,14] have been demonstrated on it. However, so far no adiabatic quantum algorithm has been realized on this system.…”

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Experimental Adiabatic Quantum Factorization under Ambient Conditions Based on a Solid-State Single Spin System

Xie

et al. 2017

Phys. Rev. Lett.

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The adiabatic quantum computation is a universal and robust method of quantum computing. In this architecture, the problem can be solved by adiabatically evolving the quantum processor from the ground state of a simple initial Hamiltonian to that of a final one, which encodes the solution of the problem. By far, there is no experimental realization of adiabatic quantum computation on a single solid spin system under ambient conditions, which has been proved to be a compatible candidate for scalable quantum computation. In this letter, we report on the first experimental realization of an adiabatic quantum algorithm on a single solid spin system under ambient conditions. All elements of adiabatic quantum computation, including initial state preparation, adiabatic evolution, and final state readout, are realized experimentally. As an example, we factored 35 into its prime factors 5 and 7 on our adiabatic quantum processor.The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond is an excellent quantum processor and quantum sensor at room temperature [1].The spin qubits of NV center are promising for quantum information processing due to fast resonant spin manipulation [2], long coherence time [3,4], easy initialization and read-out by laser illumination [5]. Many quantum gates [6-9], quantum algorithms [10], quantum error corrections [11,12] and quantum simulations [13,14] have been demonstrated on it. However, so far no adiabatic quantum algorithm has been realized on this system. In circuit-model quantum computation, the computational process is implemented by a sequence of quantum gates. In 2000, Farhi et al.[15] developed another architecture of quantum computation, i.e., the adiabatic quantum computing (AQC), in which the computational process can be realized through the adiabatic evolution of a system's Hamiltonian, and it is proved to be equivalent to circuit model quantum computing [16].In contrast to multiplying of large prime numbers, up to now, no efficient classical algorithm for the factorization of large number is known [17]. Previously, many experimental work on large number factorization have been done based on Shor's algorithm [18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. To demonstrate the AQC on the room temperature single spin system, we take 35 as an example and factored it on the adiabatic quantum processor. The core idea used here is to transform a factorization problem to an optimization problem and solve it under the AQC framework [25,26].Generally, to solve a problem under the AQC framework, first we need to find a problem Hamiltonian H p , and the solution of the problem is encoded in the ground state of H p . We start from the ground state of H 0 and the Hamiltonian of the evolution progress is H(t) =(1 − s(t))H 0 + s(t)H p , s(0) = 0, s(T ) = 1.(1)Where T is the total evolution time, and the whole system is governed by the Schrödinger equation

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“…Such applications include quantum computation [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] and quantum metrology [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] based on Nitrogen-Vacancy (N-V) center in diamonds. High performance multi-channel Arbitrary-Waveform Generators (AWGs) and pulse generators are usually required to realize precise quantum control, 18,19 and Time-to-Digital Convertors (TDCs) are used to detect the quantum states of the N-V center. 20,21 The existing solution is to use independent components to implement the multi-function device.…”

Section: Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

An integrated device with high performance multi-function generators and time-to-digital convertors

Qin

Shi

Xie

et al. 2017

Review of Scientific Instruments

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A highly integrated, high performance, and re-configurable device, which is designed for the Nitrogen-Vacancy (N-V) center based quantum applications, is reported. The digital compartment of the device is fully implemented in a Field-Programmable-Gate-Array (FPGA). The digital compartment is designed to manage the multi-function digital waveform generation and the time-to-digital convertors. The device provides two arbitrary-waveform-generator channels which operate at a 1 Gsps sampling rate with a maximum bandwidth of 500 MHz. There are twelve pulse channels integrated in the device with a 50 ps time resolution in both duration and delay. The pulse channels operate with the 3.3 V transistor-transistor logic. The FPGA-based time-to-digital convertor provides a 23-ps time measurement precision. A data accumulation module, which can record the input count rate and the distributions of the time measurement, is also available. A digital-to-analog convertor board is implemented as the analog compartment, which converts the digital waveforms to analog signals with 500 MHz lowpass filters. All the input and output channels of the device are equipped with 50 Ω SubMiniature version A termination. The hardware design is modularized thus it can be easily upgraded with compatible components. The device is suitable to be applied in the quantum technologies based on the N-V centers, as well as in other quantum solid state systems, such as quantum dots, phosphorus doped in silicon, and defect spins in silicon carbide.

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Experimental fault-tolerant universal quantum gates with solid-state spins under ambient conditions

Cited by 240 publications

References 30 publications

Characterization of hyperfine interaction between an NV electron spin and a first-shellC13nuclear spin in diamond

Characterization of hyperfine interaction between an NV electron spin and a first-shellC13nuclear spin in diamond

Experimental Adiabatic Quantum Factorization under Ambient Conditions Based on a Solid-State Single Spin System

An integrated device with high performance multi-function generators and time-to-digital convertors

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