Experimental evolution of local parasite maladaptation

Adiba, Sandrine; Huet, Michèle; Kaltz, Oliver

doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.01985.x

Cited by 33 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 83 publications

(167 reference statements)

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“…areas where one species is absent) are detected and the phenotype in the present species differs from that in similar locations where both species occur [2,3,9]. Cold spots appear to present in this system: Poran et al [30] assessed squirrel resistance in the Great Central Valley of California, where snakes are rare. These sites were all low in elevation (less than 100 m.a.s.l.…”

Section: (B) Detecting Local Adaptationmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…The AS designation meant the snakesquirrel comparison was between two high elevation sites or two low elevation sites, whereas the AD designation meant the comparison was between a snake and squirrel collected at different elevations (snake low versus squirrel high or snake high versus squirrel low). This 'comparison type' term partitions any contribution of local adaptation in SVMP activity into a portion related to local adaptation at high or low elevation, and a portion attributable to other unknown factors [19,30].…”

Section: (C) Testing For Local Adaptationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Coevolution of venom function and venom resistance in a rattlesnake predator and its squirrel prey

2016

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Measuring local adaptation can provide insights into how coevolution occurs between predators and prey. Specifically, theory predicts that local adaptation in functionally matched traits of predators and prey will not be detected when coevolution is governed by escalating arms races, whereas it will be present when coevolution occurs through an alternate mechanism of phenotype matching. Here, we analyse local adaptation in venom activity and prey resistance across 12 populations of Northern Pacific rattlesnakes and California ground squirrels, an interaction that has often been described as an arms race. Assays of venom function and squirrel resistance show substantial geographical variation (influenced by site elevation) in both venom metalloproteinase activity and resistance factor effectiveness. We demonstrate local adaptation in the effectiveness of rattlesnake venom to overcoming present squirrel resistance, suggesting that phenotype matching plays a role in the coevolution of these molecular traits. Further, the predator was the locally adapted antagonist in this interaction, arguing that rattlesnakes are evolutionarily ahead of their squirrel prey. Phenotype matching needs to be considered as an important mechanism influencing coevolution between venomous animals and resistant prey.

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Section: (B) Detecting Local Adaptationmentioning

confidence: 73%

Section: (C) Testing For Local Adaptationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coevolution of venom function and venom resistance in a rattlesnake predator and its squirrel prey

2016

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“…This approach was previously used to study, for example, the effect of the genetic background [19], migration or gene flow [9,13,56] on local adaptation or whether an adaptation cost exists [57,58]. However, with one exception, the previous studies did not include a control evolution treatment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host–parasite local adaptation after experimental coevolution of Caenorhabditis elegans and its microparasite Bacillus thuringiensis

et al. 2011

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Coevolving hosts and parasites can adapt to their local antagonist. In studies on natural populations, the observation of local adaptation patterns is thus often taken as indirect evidence for coevolution. Based on this approach, coevolution was previously inferred from an overall pattern of either parasite or host local adaptation. Many studies, however, failed to detect such a pattern. One explanation is that the studied system was not subject to coevolution. Alternatively, coevolution occurred, but remained undetected because it took different routes in different populations. In some populations, it is the host that is locally adapted, whereas in others it is the parasite, leading to the absence of an overall local adaptation pattern. Here, we test for overall as well as population-specific patterns of local adaptation using experimentally coevolved populations of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and its bacterial microparasite Bacillus thuringiensis. Furthermore, we assessed the importance of random interaction effects using control populations that evolved in the absence of the respective antagonist. Our results demonstrate that experimental coevolution produces distinct local adaptation patterns in different replicate populations, including host, parasite or absence of local adaptation. Our study thus provides experimental evidence of the predictions of the geographical mosaic theory of coevolution, i.e. that the interaction between parasite and host varies across populations.

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“…Infected cultures of each clone were initiated by adding Paramecium from infected populations to achieve parasite prevalence of approximately 30 per cent. Infected Paramecium populations originated from a portion of the uninfected cultures that were infected with inocula comprising bacteria collected from six different Paramecium clones (see [36]). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal variation in temperature determines disease spread and maintenance inParameciummicrocosm populations

2011

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The environment is rarely constant and organisms are exposed to temporal and spatial variations that impact their life histories and inter-species interactions. It is important to understand how such variations affect epidemiological dynamics in host-parasite systems. We explored effects of temporal variation in temperature on experimental microcosm populations of the ciliate Paramecium caudatum and its bacterial parasite Holospora undulata. Infected and uninfected populations of two P. caudatum genotypes were created and four constant temperature treatments (268C, 288C, 308C and 328C) compared with four variable treatments with the same mean temperatures. Variable temperature treatments were achieved by alternating populations between permissive (238C) and restrictive (358C) conditions daily over 30 days. Variable conditions and high temperatures caused greater declines in Paramecium populations, greater fluctuations in population size and higher incidence of extinction. The additional effect of parasite infection was additive and enhanced the negative effects of the variable environment and higher temperatures by up to 50 per cent. The variable environment and high temperatures also caused a decrease in parasite prevalence (up to 40%) and an increase in extinction (absence of detection) (up to 30%). The host genotypes responded similarly to the different environmental stresses and their effect on parasite traits were generally in the same direction. This work provides, to our knowledge, the first experimental demonstration that epidemiological dynamics are influenced by environmental variation. We also emphasize the need to consider environmental variance, as well as means, when trying to understand, or predict population dynamics or range.

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Experimental evolution of local parasite maladaptation

Cited by 33 publications

References 83 publications

Coevolution of venom function and venom resistance in a rattlesnake predator and its squirrel prey

Coevolution of venom function and venom resistance in a rattlesnake predator and its squirrel prey

Host–parasite local adaptation after experimental coevolution of Caenorhabditis elegans and its microparasite Bacillus thuringiensis

Temporal variation in temperature determines disease spread and maintenance inParameciummicrocosm populations

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