Experimental evidence for selection against fish larvae with high metabolic rates in a food limited environment

Bochdansky, Alexander B.; Grønkjær, Peter; Herra, Tomasz P.; Leggett, William C.

doi:10.1007/s00227-005-0036-z

Cited by 90 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…), and potential speciesspecific differences should be investigated further. The present study does not support the findings of Bochdansky et al (2005), who found that starving radiated shanny Ulvaria subbifurcata larvae with a relatively small otolith size-at-hatch survived longer than conspecifics with a relatively large otolith size-athatch. This highlights potentially important species differences.…”

Section: Starvation Resistancecontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, otolith size-at-hatch has been used as a proxy for the predetermined standard metabolic rate (SMR) of the embryo (Bang et al 2004, Bang & Grønkjaer 2005. Bochdansky et al (2005) used this proxy to show that, when starved, radiated shanny Ulvaria subbifurcata larvae with a relatively small otolith size-at-hatch survived longer than conspecifics with a relatively large otolith size-at-hatch. Unfortunately, Bochansky et al (2005) did not test for a potential trade-off with growth rate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Possible fitness costs of high and low standard metabolic rates in larval herring Clupea harengus, as determined by otolith microstructure

Bang¹,

Grønkjær²,

Folkvord³

2007

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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In a laboratory experiment, we sought to identify effects of metabolic rate on the survival and growth of individual larvae of Clupea harengus L. The size of the otolith at hatch was used as a measure of standard metabolic rate (SMR) to test the hypotheses that (1) larvae with a low SMR survive longer than larvae with a high SMR during starvation, and (2) larvae with a high SMR grow faster than larvae with a low SMR during periods of high food availability. Herring larvae were reared in replicate tanks with either high, low or no food. Dead larvae were sampled twice daily and live larvae were sampled weekly. The longevity of the larvae was unrelated to their SMR in all treatments and, therefore, the first hypothesis was rejected. However, a positive correlation between otolith size-at-hatch and larval dry weight after hatch (r = 0.48, df = 100, p < 0.001) suggested that the hypothesised negative effect of high SMR on longevity may be offset by higher energy reserves (i.e. more yolk) in these larvae. In both high-level food groups there was a significant association between sagitta growth and sagitta size-at-hatch (H1, χ 2 = 5.17, df = 1, p = 0.023; H2, χ 2 = 4.75, df = 1, p = 0.029) and, therefore, the second hypothesis was supported. However, large otolith size-at-hatch was also observed in slow-growing larvae, hence a high SMR may be a prerequisite for fast growth, but does not necessarily result in fast growth.

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Section: Starvation Resistancecontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Possible fitness costs of high and low standard metabolic rates in larval herring Clupea harengus, as determined by otolith microstructure

Bang¹,

Grønkjær²,

Folkvord³

2007

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…In a number of animal groups, including fishes, this variation appears to persist, at least in part, because tolerance of food deprivation trades off against a capacity for rapid growth, measured as rates of mass gain when feeding (Gotthard, 1998;Stoks et al, 2006;Scharf et al, 2009;Dupont-Prinet et al, 2010). It has been proposed that this trade-off has a straightforward physiological basis in fishes, as a direct consequence of different capacities for biosynthesis and growth (Bochdansky et al, 2005;Bang et al, 2007;Dupont-Prinet et al, 2010). Rapid growth brings ecological advantages if it allows individuals, particularly in their early life stages, to outgrow the gape of predators and out-compete conspecifics (Arendt, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological mechanisms underlying individual variation in tolerance of food deprivation in juvenile European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax

McKenzie

Vergnet

Chatain

et al. 2014

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Although food deprivation is a major ecological pressure in fishes, there is wide individual variation in tolerance of fasting, whose mechanistic bases are poorly understood. Two thousand individually tagged juvenile European sea bass were submitted to two 'fasting/feeding' cycles each comprising 3 weeks of food deprivation followed by 3 weeks of ad libitum feeding at 25°C. Rates of mass loss during the two fasting periods were averaged for each individual to calculate a population mean. Extreme fasting tolerant (FT) and sensitive (FS) phenotypes were identified that were at least one and a half standard deviations, on opposing sides, from this mean. Respirometry was used to investigate two main hypotheses: (1) tolerance of food deprivation reflects lower mass-corrected routine metabolic rate (RMR) in FT phenotypes when fasting, and (2) tolerance reflects differences in substrate utilisation; FT phenotypes use relatively less proteins as metabolic fuels during fasting, measured as their ammonia quotient (AQ), the simultaneous ratio of ammonia excretion to RMR. There was no difference in mean RMR between FT and FS over 7 days fasting, being 6.70±0.24 mmol h −1 fish −1 (mean ± s.e.m., N=18) versus 6.76±0.22 mmol h −1 fish −1 (N=17), respectively, when corrected to a body mass of 130 g. For any given RMR, however, the FT lost mass at a significantly lower rate than FS, overall 7-day average being 0.72±0.05 versus 0.90±0.05 g day −1 fish −1 , respectively (P<0.01, ttest). At 20 h after receiving a ration equivalent to 2% body mass as food pellets, ammonia excretion and simultaneous RMR were elevated and similar in FT and FS, with AQs of 0.105±0.009 and 0.089±0.007, respectively. At the end of the period of fasting, ammonia excretion and RMR had fallen in both phenotypes, but AQ was significantly lower in FT than FS, being 0.038±0.004 versus 0.061±0.005, respectively (P<0.001, t-test). There was a direct linear relationship between individual fasted AQ and rate of mass loss, with FT and FS individuals distributed at opposing lower and upper extremities, respectively. Thus the difference between the phenotypes in their tolerance of food deprivation did not depend upon their routine energy use when fasting. Rather, it depended RESEARCH ARTICLE 1 UMR5119, Ecologie des systèmes marins côtiers (ECOSYM), Place Eugène Bataillon, Université Montpellier 2, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France. upon their relative use of tissue proteins as metabolic fuels when fasting, which was significantly lower in FT phenotypes.

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“…However, they did differ in otolith size-at-hatching, where individuals from the LF treatment had larger otoliths at hatching than individuals from the HF treatment. The size of the otolith at hatching is indicative of differences in metabolic rates and individuals with larger otoliths at hatching have higher metabolic, and in turn, growth rates as embryos (Bang & Gronkjaer 2005;Bochdansky et al 2005). If this is the case, then our results clearly demonstrate that rapid growth during this early phase can compromise the developmental programme of individual fish larvae and result in correspondingly higher levels of otolith asymmetry.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

Dispersal without errors: symmetrical ears tune into the right frequency for survival

et al. 2007

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Vertebrate animals localize sounds by comparing differences in the acoustic signal between the two ears and, accordingly, ear structures such as the otoliths of fishes are expected to develop symmetrically. Sound recently emerged as a leading candidate cue for reef fish larvae navigating from open waters back to the reef. Clearly, the integrity of the auditory organ has a direct bearing on what and how fish larvae hear. Yet, the link between otolith symmetry and effective navigation has never been investigated in fishes. We tested whether otolith asymmetry influenced the ability of returning larvae to detect and successfully recruit to favourable reef habitats. Our results suggest that larvae with asymmetrical otoliths not only encountered greater difficulties in detecting suitable settlement habitats, but may also suffer significantly higher rates of mortality. Further, we found that otolith asymmetries arising early in the embryonic stage were not corrected by any compensational growth mechanism during the larval stage. Because these errors persist and phenotypic selection penalizes asymmetrical individuals, asymmetry is likely to play an important role in shaping wild fish populations.

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Experimental evidence for selection against fish larvae with high metabolic rates in a food limited environment

Cited by 90 publications

References 16 publications

Possible fitness costs of high and low standard metabolic rates in larval herring Clupea harengus, as determined by otolith microstructure

Possible fitness costs of high and low standard metabolic rates in larval herring Clupea harengus, as determined by otolith microstructure

Physiological mechanisms underlying individual variation in tolerance of food deprivation in juvenile European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax

Dispersal without errors: symmetrical ears tune into the right frequency for survival

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