Experimental Evaluation of Rodent Exclusion Methods to Reduce Hantavirus Transmission to Residents in a Native American Community in New Mexico

Abstract

We conducted a pilot study to evaluate the efficacy of rodent proofing continuously occupied homes as a method for lowering the risk for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) among residents of a Native American community in northwestern New Mexico. Rodent proofing of dwellings was paired with culturally appropriate health education. Seventy homes were randomly assigned to treatment or control categories. Treatment homes were rodent-proofed by sealing openings around foundations, doors, roofs, and pipes and repairing screens and windows. Repairs to each dwelling were limited to $500 US. After repairs were completed, 15-20 snap traps were placed in each treatment and control home and checked approximately every 2 days for an average of 3-4 weeks. During 23,373 trap nights, one house mouse (Mus musculus) was captured in one treatment home, and 20 mice (16 deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus, two Pinyon mice, Peromyscus truei, and two unidentified mice) were captured in five control homes (one house had 14 captures, two had two captures, and two had one capture). Trap success was 0.01% in treatment homes and 0.15% in controls. Intensity of infestation (mean number of mice captured per infested home) was 1 in treatment homes and 4 in controls. Observations of evidence of infestation (feces, nesting material, gnaw marks, or reports of infestation by occupant) per 100 days of observation were 1.2 in treatment homes and 3.1 in controls. Statistical power of the experiment was limited because it coincided with a period of low rodent abundance (August-November 2000). Nevertheless, these results suggest that inexpensive rodent proofing of occupied rural homes can decrease the frequency and intensity of rodent intrusion, thereby reducing the risk of HPS among rural residents in the southwestern United States.

At Home with Mastomys and Rattus: Human-Rodent Interactions and Potential for Primary Transmission of Lassa Virus in Domestic Spaces

“…There is little published evidence on the efficacy of rodent proofing of houses in tropical settings. Two studies in rural United States suggest that relatively inexpensive rodent proofing measures can decrease the frequency and intensity of rodent activity inside houses 56,57. Our observations suggest possibilities for additional targeted forms of environmental modification that could improve the reduction of rodent abundance and the frequency of contact with humans.…”

Rodent control to fight Lassa fever: Evaluation and lessons learned from a 4-year study in Upper Guinea

“…One of the greatest challenges faced by rodent control programmes is the capacity to build rodent-proof habitations. According to studies performed in hantavirus [ 52 ], leptospirosis [ 53 ] and plague [ 31 ] endemic areas, rodent exclusion methods include: fixing cracks, applying galvanized wire mesh in openings, replacing broken windows and frames, replacing damaged or inadequately sealing doors, application of draft-sealing strips to doors, and sealing of soffit gaps with small trips of lumber. Most of these methods must be adapted to the architecture in Faranah region and aeration practices.…”

Exposure Characteristics of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome Patients, United States, 1993–2015

“…Our study demonstrated that home exposure was more common among American Indian case-patients than among those of other racial/ethnic groups. Targeted rodent exclusion projects in American Indian communities have successfully decreased rodent intrusion ( 22 ). Support for environmental health efforts aimed at rodent exclusion should be continued in American Indian communities.…”