Experimental design applied to the analysis of volatile compounds in apple juice by headspace solid‐phase microextraction

Abstract

A simple and fast method based on solid-phase microextraction (SPME) followed by fast gas chromatography (Fast GC) has been developed for the analysis of volatile compounds in Asturian apple juices employed in the cider production. Three different fiber coatings have been checked (PDMS, PDMS-DVB and CAR-PDMS) and PDMS-DVB has been presented to be the most suitable one. Experimental design has been employed in the optimization of extraction factors and robustness assessment. The use of Fast GC allowed the separation of 14 compounds (esters, aldehydes and alcohols) in approximately 4 min, clearly reducing the analysis time when compared to conventional GC. Good linearity, recoveries and repeatability of the solid-phase microextraction were obtained with r(2) values, recoveries and relative standard deviations ranging from 0.9822 to 0.9998, 83.2 to 109.8% and 0.5 to 11.7%, respectively, using standard solution.

Characterization of Volatile Compounds in New Cider Apple Genotypes Using Multivariate Analysis

“…In contrast, only a limited number of studies have been addressed towards the identification of the volatile profiles of cider apples, in particular the PDO Asturian cider apple (Arias Abrodo et al 2010;Díaz Llorente et al 2010;Díaz-Llorente et al 2011;Díaz-Llorente et al 2012).…”

Comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography coupled with static headspace sampling to analyze volatile compounds: Application to almonds

“…Simultaneous distillation–extraction , hydrodistillation , different solvent extraction modes , and even supercritical fluid extraction with CO 2 have previously been employed to perform this task. Solid‐phase microextraction has been widely used, although headspace (HS) techniques, either static HS or dynamic HS based on purge and trap systems , have also played an important role in isolating volatile compounds. In general, HS techniques are characterized by minimal sample handling and the use of lower volumes of organic solvents.…”

“…The most suitable instrumental analysis for identifying and quantifying volatile compounds, taking into account their physicochemical properties, is GC with a flame ionization detector (FID) or MS detectors . It should be mentioned that the electronic nose has been also used to specifically study certain volatile fractions, with the aim of obtaining maximum closeness between human flavors derived from foods with the responses objectively measured with equipment .…”

Determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in seawater using headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with the aid of experimental design

“…14,20,21 Coupling of SPME with non-contact (between probe and samples) headspace sampling could greatly reduce matrix interferences for volatile compounds. [22][23][24] To quickly and reliably attain the best headspace SPME efficiency, various types experimental designs have been employed, [25][26][27] which assisted to optimizing the extraction conditions from a small number of experiments. [25][26][27][28] Moreover, headspace SPME allows using aggressive treatments to reduce their affinity with the sample matrix, and therefore further increases extraction yield.…”

“…[22][23][24] To quickly and reliably attain the best headspace SPME efficiency, various types experimental designs have been employed, [25][26][27] which assisted to optimizing the extraction conditions from a small number of experiments. [25][26][27][28] Moreover, headspace SPME allows using aggressive treatments to reduce their affinity with the sample matrix, and therefore further increases extraction yield. 29,30 In this work, the feasibility of combining KMnO 4 strong oxidation and headspace SPME was demonstrated for pretreating seawater matrices containing numerous humic substances, followed by simultaneous identification and quantification of eight congeners of PCBs using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).…”