Dipositive cation substitution in
sulfate minerals has been a topic
of investigation both experimentally and computationally. Here the
possibility of tripositive cation substitution with accompanying vacancy
formation is considered, specifically lanthanum ion substitution in
barium sulfate. Experimentally, the lanthanum ions impact “bulk”
crystallization in a way that is best explained by considering the
solution phase ion-pair interactions. However, morphological results
suggest that lanthanum ions do more than impact the free sulfate levels.
Atomic force microscopy results showed that both lanthanum and calcium
ions are strong inhibitors of barite growth. X-ray diffraction on
bulk samples showed that lanthanum ions do indeed incorporate, as
determined by lattice parameter changes. Finally, computational modeling
suggests that while calcium incorporation is more energetically favorable,
lanthanum ions prefer to substitute on the surface more so than calcium
ions.