Experimental demonstration on the deterministic quantum key distribution based on entangled photons

Chen, Hua; Zhou, Zhi-Yuan; Jumaah, Alaa; Yin, Zhen-Qiang; Wu, Juan; Han, Yong; Wang, Shuang; Li, Hongwei; He, De‐Yong; Tawfeeq, Shelan K.; Shi, Bao‐Sen; Guo, Guang‐Can; Chen, Wei; Han, Zheng‐Fu

doi:10.1038/srep20962

Cited by 15 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…This scenario is similar to entanglement-based QKD protocols, such as the Ekert91 [17], the BBM92 [18] and the ping-pong protocol [72]. The storage of a single-photon in the EPR pair can be realized by a low-cost optical fiber delay line [92] instead of a genuine N-photon quantum memory [93], which has a long decoherence time. By contrast, genuine quantum memory is necessary for the original twostep QSDC protocol due to the block-based transmission of quantum states [37], [48].…”

Section: A Single-photon-memory Qsdc Protocol Based On Epr Pairsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Single-Photon-Memory Two-Step Quantum Secure Direct Communication Relying on Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Pairs

Pan

Ruan

et al. 2020

IEEE Access

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Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) is an important branch of quantum communication that is capable of directly transmitting secret messages over a quantum channel. It may be viewed as a concrete realization of Wyner's wiretap channel theory, which ensures the reliable and secure communication of information in the presence of noise and eavesdropping. Hence it is a fully-fledged quantum-communications protocol, which does not require a separate secret key negotiation phase. By contrast, its quantum key distribution (QKD) counterpart represents a secret key-negotiation protocol, which has to be followed up by a separate classical communication session. The essential difference between these two modes of quantum communication lies in the employment of a block-based data transmission technique, proposed by Long and Liu in 2000. However, the original block-based data transmission requires quantum memory, which is not widely available at the time of writing. Recently, this difficulty has been overcome by using classical coding theory, which has been successfully applied to the single-qubit DL04 QSDC. Here we will present a single-photon-memory QSDC protocol based on entangled pairs of photons. We commence by comparing QSDC to QKD, followed by an example of the single-photon QSDC and single-photon QKD protocol. Then we continue by modifying the so-called two-step QSDC protocol designed for deterministic QKD by reducing the number of qubits in a block into a single one, in which Alice prepares Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) photon pairs and partitions them into two parts: the so-called pioneer qubit and the follow-up qubit. The pioneer photon is transferred first to Bob, while the follow-up photon is used either for performing encoding or for eavesdropping detection. Bob extracts the candidate key by combining the two particles of the EPR pair to perform Bell-basis measurement. Then the protocol is transformed into a singlephoton-memory QSDC using coding theory. Our theoretical analysis shows that the resultant protocol is robust to individual attacks. Additionally, a high communication efficiency is achieved. INDEX TERMS Quantum secure direct communication, quantum key distribution, entanglement.

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Section: A Single-photon-memory Qsdc Protocol Based On Epr Pairsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Single-Photon-Memory Two-Step Quantum Secure Direct Communication Relying on Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Pairs

Pan

Ruan

et al. 2020

IEEE Access

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“…The PP engine was chosen because it well illustrates the challenges and pitfalls in designing QSDC communication. Although it was initially developed as a QSDC primitive [24], it is often used to construct DQKD protocols [25,26]. Selection of the remaining two is motivated by the following reasons: (1) theprotection of information is founded on different techniques, (2) the way these techniques are used is representative of other approaches, (3) they have been thoroughly studied because they have been functioning in the scientific literature for many years and (4) they still evolve in the process of adjusting to existing technical capabilities [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in quantum secure direct communication

Zawadzki

2021

IET Quantum Communication

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The practical implementation of quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) will undoubtedly be a milestone in the development of quantum cryptography. Research is in its final phase and focuses on developing secure protocols that consider realistic constraints and are feasible within the current state of technology. Three well-known protocols ae compared, Ping-Pong, Two-Step and Deng-Long, in the context of the level of security offered and the challenges related to their implementation. This work explains how the evolution of QSDC protocols from a purely quantum formulation to hybrid classical-quantum solutions based on the Wyner wiretap channel model can solve most problems encountered. The work aims to inform scientists in other fields of quantum information processing about the latest advances in QSDC. The attached appendix introduces basic concepts for readers unfamiliar with this research area.This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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“…Quantum networks lie at the heart of the success of future quantum information technologies. Possible applications of such networks, over even a global scale quantum internet [1], are quantum key distribution protocols [2][3][4][5][6][7][8], quantum conference key agreement [9][10][11][12][13], secure quantum channels [14][15][16], clocksynchronization techniques [17,18] and distributed quantum computation [19][20][21] in general.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A quantum network stack and protocols for reliable entanglement-based networks

2019

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We present a stack model for breaking down the complexity of entanglement-based quantum networks. More specifically, we focus on the structures and architectures of quantum networks and not on concrete physical implementations of network elements. We construct the quantum network stack in a hierarchical manner comprising several layers, similar to the classical network stack, and identify quantum networking devices operating on each of these layers. The layers responsibilities range from establishing point-to-point connectivity, over intra-network graph state generation, to inter-network routing of entanglement. In addition we propose several protocols operating on these layers. In particular, we extend the existing intra-network protocols for generating arbitrary graph states to ensure reliability inside a quantum network, where here reliability refers to the capability to compensate for devices failures. Furthermore, we propose a routing protocol for quantum routers which enables the generation of arbitrary graph states across network boundaries. This protocol, in correspondence with classical routing protocols, can compensate dynamically for failures of routers, or even complete networks, by simply re-routing the given entanglement over alternative paths. We also consider how to connect quantum routers in a hierarchical manner to reduce complexity, as well as reliability issues arising in connecting these quantum networking devices. quantum network shall not be limited to the generation of Bell-pairs only [50][51][52][53], because many interesting applications require multipartite entangled quantum states. Therefore, the ultimate goal of quantum networks should be to enable their clients to share arbitrary entangled states to perform distributed quantum computational tasks. An important subclass of multipartite entangled states are so-called graph states [54], and many protocols in quantum information theory rely on this class of states.Here we consider entanglement-based quantum networks utilizing multipartite entangled states [51-53, 55-57] which are capable of generating arbitrary graph states among clients. In general, we identify three successive phases in entanglement-based quantum networks: dynamic, static, and adaptive. In the dynamic phase, which is the first phase, the quantum network devices utilize the quantum channels to distribute entangled states among each other. Once this phase completes, the quantum network devices share certain entangled quantum states, which results in the static phase. In this phase, the quantum network devices store these entangled states for future requests locally. Finally, in the adaptive phase, the network devices manipulate and adapt the entangled states of the static phase. This might be caused either due to requests of clients in networks, but also due to failures of devices in a quantum network.We follow the approach of [51] where a certain network state is stored in the static phase, and client requests to establish certain target (graph) states in the network ar...

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Experimental demonstration on the deterministic quantum key distribution based on entangled photons

Cited by 15 publications

References 45 publications

Single-Photon-Memory Two-Step Quantum Secure Direct Communication Relying on Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Pairs

Single-Photon-Memory Two-Step Quantum Secure Direct Communication Relying on Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Pairs

Advances in quantum secure direct communication

A quantum network stack and protocols for reliable entanglement-based networks

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