“…The former one needs manual assembly fiber that makes it challenging to scale up to larger number of modes, while the latter one is fully automated providing accurate layout control, therefore it is much easier to support more modes without significantly increasing the fabrication cost [18]. Over recent years, 3D-waveguide PL supporting 3-spatial-mode (LP01, 2xLP11) [19], 6-spatial-mode (LP01, 2xLP11, 2xLP21 and LP02) [19,20] and 15-spatialmode (LP01, 2xLP11, 2xLP21, LP02, 2xLP31, 2xLP12, 2xLP41, 2xLP22 and LP03) [18,19], have been developed successively. These allow the system to be flexibly upgraded to support more spatial streams without dramatically increasing insertion loss and system cost, and retain the deployed fiber resources by only replacing the mode Mux/DeMux in the central office (CO) and RAUs.…”