Experimental Demonstration for Indoor Localization Based on AoA of Bluetooth 5.1 Using Software Defined Radio

Toasa, Fabricio A.; Tello-Oquendo, Luis; Peñafiel-Ojeda, Carlos Ramiro; Cuzco, Giovanny

doi:10.1109/ccnc49032.2021.9369638

Cited by 24 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…A Software Defined Radio (SDR) implementation on a Xilinx Zynq-7000 FPGA device is presented in [49], evaluating the performance of the MUSIC algorithm, with some portions of the operation performed via hardware modules implemented in the FPGA portion of the device, specifically, the control of the RF switch. As no BLE software stack is available for this device, the authors emulate the behaviour of several BLE protocol layers, and feed the FPGA with DF compliant packets for validation.…”

Section: A Aoa and Localizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Localization via Circular Bluetooth 5.1 Antenna Array Receiver

Paulino

Pessoa

2023

IEEE Access

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Future telecommunications aim to be ubiquitous and efficient, as widely deployed connectivity will allow for a variety of edge/fog based services. Challenges are numerous, e.g., spectrum overuse, energy efficiency, latency and bandwidth, battery life and computing power of edge devices. Addressing these challenges is key to compose the backbone for the future Internet-of-Things (IoT). Among IoT applications are Indoor Positioning System and indoor Real-Time-Location-Systems systems, which are needed where GPS is unviable. The Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) 5.1 specification introduced Direction Finding to the protocol, allowing for BLE devices with antenna arrays to derive the Angle-of-Arrival (AoA) of transmissions. Well known algorithms for AoA calculation are computationally demanding, so recent works have addressed this, since the low-cost of BLE devices may provide efficient solutions for indoor localization. In this paper, we present a system topology and algorithms for self-localization where a receiver with an antenna array utilizes the AoAs from fixed battery powered beacons to self-localize, without a centralized system or wall-power infrastructure. We conduct two main experiments using a BLE receiver of our own design. Firstly, we validate the expected behaviour in an anechoic chamber, computing the AoA with an RMSE of 10.7°. Secondly, we conduct a test in an outdoor area of 12 by 12 meters using four beacons, and present pre-processing steps prior to computing the AoAs, followed by position estimations achieving a mean absolute error of 3.6 m for 21 map positions, with a minimum as low as 1.1 m.

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Section: A Aoa and Localizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Localization via Circular Bluetooth 5.1 Antenna Array Receiver

Paulino

Pessoa

2023

IEEE Access

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“…Furthermore, newer Bluetooth versions have improved location services. The new Bluetooth 5.1 direction-finding feature, which uses the Angle of Arrival (AoA) and Angle of Departure (AoD), improves accuracy down to the centimeter level [53], allowing the development of a diverse range of reliable and accurate indoor positioning solutions and applications. In Table 1, an overview of methods and technologies used in the related studies is presented.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Location Based Indoor and Outdoor Lightweight Activity Recognition System

et al. 2022

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In intelligent environments one of the most relevant information that can be gathered about users is their location. Their position can be easily captured without the need for a large infrastructure through devices such as smartphones or smartwatches that we easily carry around in our daily life, providing new opportunities and services in the field of pervasive computing and sensing. Location data can be very useful to infer additional information in some cases such as elderly or sick care, where inferring additional information such as the activities or types of activities they perform can provide daily indicators about their behavior and habits. To do so, we present a system able to infer user activities in indoor and outdoor environments using Global Positioning System (GPS) data together with open data sources such as OpenStreetMaps (OSM) to analyse the user’s daily activities, requiring a minimal infrastructure.

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“…In [7] the BLE 5.1 direction-finding is implemented via Software Defined Radio (SDR) on a Xilinx Zynq-7000 System-on-Chip. The authors design their own linear array with 4 rectangular patch microstrip antennas, and employ a commercial radio module and RF switch.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Experimental Evaluation of a Bluetooth 5.1 Antenna Array for Angle-of-Arrival Estimation

Paulino¹,

Pessoa²,

Branquinho³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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On the of the applications in the realm of the Internet-of-Things (IoT) is real-time localization of assets in specific application environments where satellite based global positioning is unviable. Numerous approaches for localization relying on wireless sensor mesh systems have been evaluated, but the recent Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) 5.1 direction finding features based on Angle-of-Arrival (AoA) promise a low-cost solution for this application. In this paper, we present an implementation of a BLE 5.1 based circular antenna array, and perform two experimental evaluations over the quality of the retrieved data sampled from the array: in an anechoic chamber, and in a real-world environment using a setup composed of four BLE beacons.

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Experimental Demonstration for Indoor Localization Based on AoA of Bluetooth 5.1 Using Software Defined Radio

Cited by 24 publications

References 9 publications

Self-Localization via Circular Bluetooth 5.1 Antenna Array Receiver

Self-Localization via Circular Bluetooth 5.1 Antenna Array Receiver

Location Based Indoor and Outdoor Lightweight Activity Recognition System

Design and Experimental Evaluation of a Bluetooth 5.1 Antenna Array for Angle-of-Arrival Estimation

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