Experimental Charge Density Evidence for Pnicogen Bonding in a Crystal of Ammonium Chloride

Nelyubina, Yulia V.; Korlyukov, Alexander A.

doi:10.1002/cphc.201402673

Cited by 30 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…Interestingly, the pyramidal N atom in the thermodynamic polymorphic form of acetazolamide does not engage in any form of σ-hole based interaction. Lyssenko et al investigated pnicogen bonding in ammonium chloride (P-43 m) crystal using 120 K high-resolution (sinθ/λ = 1.2 Å −1 ) X-ray diffraction data [79]. They observed four weak σ-hole bonds in tetrahedral ammonium cation (NH4 + ) with Clanion.…”

Section: Carbon Bonding Pnicogen Bonding and Hydrophobic Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relevance of Experimental Charge Density Analysis in Unraveling Noncovalent Interactions in Molecular Crystals

et al. 2022

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The work carried out by our research group over the last couple of decades in the context of quantitative crystal engineering involves the analysis of intermolecular interactions such as carbon (tetrel) bonding, pnicogen bonding, chalcogen bonding, and halogen bonding using experimental charge density methodology is reviewed. The focus is to extract electron density distribution in the intermolecular space and to obtain guidelines to evaluate the strength and directionality of such interactions towards the design of molecular crystals with desired properties. Following the early studies on halogen bonding interactions, several “sigma-hole” interaction types with similar electrostatic origins have been explored in recent times for their strength, origin, and structural consequences. These include interactions such as carbon (tetrel) bonding, pnicogen bonding, chalcogen bonding, and halogen bonding. Experimental X-ray charge density analysis has proved to be a powerful tool in unraveling the strength and electronic origin of such interactions, providing insights beyond the theoretical estimates from gas-phase molecular dimer calculations. In this mini-review, we outline some selected contributions from the X-ray charge density studies to the field of non-covalent interactions (NCIs) involving elements of the groups 14–17 of the periodic table. Quantitative insights into the nature of these interactions obtained from the experimental electron density distribution and subsequent topological analysis by the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) have been discussed. A few notable examples of weak interactions have been presented in terms of their experimental charge density features. These examples reveal not only the strength and beauty of X-ray charge density multipole modeling as an advanced structural chemistry tool but also its utility in providing experimental benchmarks for the theoretical studies of weak interactions in crystals.

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Section: Carbon Bonding Pnicogen Bonding and Hydrophobic Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relevance of Experimental Charge Density Analysis in Unraveling Noncovalent Interactions in Molecular Crystals

et al. 2022

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“…The authors furthermore concluded that antimony cages display the best balance between strength and directionality. Recent high‐resolution X‐ray diffraction data by Nelyubina and colleagues provide experimental evidence for a weak σ‐hole in ammonium ions in crystals . Similarly, spectroscopic investigations have been employed to detect and better understand pnictogen bonds …”

Section: Pnictogen Bondingmentioning

confidence: 99%

σ‐Hole Interactions in Catalysis

2020

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Noncovalent interactions like halogen, chalcogen, and pnictogen bonding are known for a very long time. During the last decade, these interactions have found different applications in catalysis. These forces are often called σ‐hole interactions which can be explained by the anisotropic distribution of the electron density around these atoms. In this MiniReview, we will present recent applications of halogen, chalcogen, and pnictogen bonding in catalysis and discuss experimental and computational investigations to gain more insights into the underlying mechanisms.

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“…A plethora of theoretical works dealing with PnBs are available in the literature [43,44,[76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83]. However, those presenting experimental evidence are much less common [84][85][86][87][88][89]. Nevertheless, this interaction has been recently proposed for the design and synthesis of supramolecular catalysts by Matile et al [90].…”

Section: Pnictogen Bondingmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Importance of σ–Hole Interactions in Crystal Structures

Frontera

Bauzá

2021

Crystals

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Elements from groups 14–18 and periods 3–6 commonly behave as Lewis acids, which are involved in directional noncovalent interactions (NCI) with electron-rich species (lone pair donors), π systems (aromatic rings, triple and double bonds) as well as nonnucleophilic anions (BF4−, PF6−, ClO4−, etc.). Moreover, elements of groups 15 to 17 are also able to act as Lewis bases (from one to three available lone pairs, respectively), thus presenting a dual character. These emerging NCIs where the main group element behaves as Lewis base, belong to the σ–hole family of interactions. Particularly (i) tetrel bonding for elements belonging to group 14, (ii) pnictogen bonding for group 15, (iii) chalcogen bonding for group 16, (iv) halogen bonding for group 17, and (v) noble gas bondings for group 18. In general, σ–hole interactions exhibit different features when moving along the same group (offering larger and more positive σ–holes) or the same row (presenting a different number of available σ–holes and directionality) of the periodic table. This is illustrated in this review by using several examples retrieved from the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD), especially focused on σ–hole interactions, complemented with molecular electrostatic potential surfaces of model systems.

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Experimental Charge Density Evidence for Pnicogen Bonding in a Crystal of Ammonium Chloride

Cited by 30 publications

References 78 publications

The Relevance of Experimental Charge Density Analysis in Unraveling Noncovalent Interactions in Molecular Crystals

The Relevance of Experimental Charge Density Analysis in Unraveling Noncovalent Interactions in Molecular Crystals

σ‐Hole Interactions in Catalysis

On the Importance of σ–Hole Interactions in Crystal Structures

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