“…48 PEMs, used as electrolyzer components, promote water electrolysis, with the reported efficiency in the range of 70-80%, while the overall efficiencies of H 2 production from solar power sources can be as high as 20%. [49][50][51] Among electrolyzer types, such as PEM, AE, and SOE, PEM is of great research interest due to its reduced environmental impact. [52][53][54] The PEM mainly utilizes a solid polymer electrolyte known as the protonconducting membrane, which serves as a proton passage between the chambers of the electrodes.…”