Experimental Cerebrospinal Meningitis and Its Serum Treatment.

Abstract

lation with the continuous coaxing of the digestive tract, and the constant tempting of the palate to achieA-e the desired result. Not only for an esthetic effect, but also as a prophylactic and curatiA-e means, the logical fattening of individuals is of an importance which can hardly be overestimated.We know practically nothing about the ways in which proteins are held in living protoplasmic structures. The molecules of the protein compounds are relatively so large that as yet our physicochemical methods of measurement are inadequate to give us correct ideas of molecular size and intramolecular structure, although we know considerable about the lifeless and, in some re-1. Mead and Gies: Am.

Therapeutic efficacy of monoclonal antibodies to Cryptococcus neoformans glucuronoxylomannan alone and in combination with amphotericin B

“…The inability of MAb to modify the course of infection if given after a certain time is consistent with earlier observations made for other pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae, animals infected with which could not be saved if antibody treatment was delayed for more than a few hours (8,15). However, it is noteworthy that in the preantibiotic era, clinically useful sera were often ineffective in the therapy of established infection in animal models (8,15,34). Thus, antibody therapeutic ineffectiveness in animal models of established infection does not preclude therapeutic usefulness in human infection.…”

Prospects for Vaccine Prevention of Meningococcal Infection

“…In the early part of the 20th century, the American physician Simon Flexner reported on the use of antimeningococcal serum therapy, first in an animal model and subsequently in humans, demonstrating that intrathecal administration reduced the mortality of meningococcal meningitis (111)(112)(113)(114). In 1915, a serogrouping scheme was proposed that separated meningococcal isolates into types I to IV (later changed to the letter-based nomenclature that is used today), which eventually was adopted in the United States (140,365).…”

Serum therapy revisited: animal models of infection and development of passive antibody therapy

“…Serum therapy for meningococcal infections was developed by Jochmann (64) (48). Administration of antimeningococcal serum directly into the subarachnoid space shortly after infection cured the majority of treated monkeys (46,47,97).…”

“…In the intratracheal model, direct administration of pneumococci into the lower airways circumvents defenses in the nose and upper airways. Similarly, antimeningococcal sera were developed primary by using the monkey model of intraspinal infection (46)(47)(48)(49)(50), which cannot be considered physiological because the bacteria and the serum were introduced directly into the subarachnoid space. Despite little relevance to the pathogenesis of disease in humans, each of these models was effective at identifying potentially useful antibodies for human therapy.…”