“…The geothermal grout connects the heat carrying fluid with the subsoil. This element must have adequate and known thermal properties, thermal conductivity being the most important one [3] which plays a significant role on the coefficient of performance for GSHP systems [4][5][6][7]. Its importance is evidenced in the literature [8][9][10].…”
This paper describes the design, construction, validation, and calibration of a thermal conductivity measuring apparatus for geothermal backfill materials in the range from 0.13–2.80 W/m·K. The developed apparatus is based on the Transient Hot Wire (THW) method whose mathematical basis is the Infinite Linear Source (ILS) model. The apparatus consists of a nichrome hot wire, an adjustable direct current power supply, a temperature sensor (K-type thermocouple), and a datalogger. For the validation and calibration of the developed apparatus, four standard samples have been used with a known thermal conductivity, to 3.0 W/m·K. Furthermore, the thermal conductivity of four geothermal backfill materials of common use (bentonite, neat cement, cement–sand mortar, and cement–bentonite mortar) has been measured using both the developed apparatus and a commercial meter.
“…The geothermal grout connects the heat carrying fluid with the subsoil. This element must have adequate and known thermal properties, thermal conductivity being the most important one [3] which plays a significant role on the coefficient of performance for GSHP systems [4][5][6][7]. Its importance is evidenced in the literature [8][9][10].…”
This paper describes the design, construction, validation, and calibration of a thermal conductivity measuring apparatus for geothermal backfill materials in the range from 0.13–2.80 W/m·K. The developed apparatus is based on the Transient Hot Wire (THW) method whose mathematical basis is the Infinite Linear Source (ILS) model. The apparatus consists of a nichrome hot wire, an adjustable direct current power supply, a temperature sensor (K-type thermocouple), and a datalogger. For the validation and calibration of the developed apparatus, four standard samples have been used with a known thermal conductivity, to 3.0 W/m·K. Furthermore, the thermal conductivity of four geothermal backfill materials of common use (bentonite, neat cement, cement–sand mortar, and cement–bentonite mortar) has been measured using both the developed apparatus and a commercial meter.
“…Combination of these phases quantifies the ability of the granular media to allow heat transport. The ability is coined as the "apparent" or "effective" thermal conductivity (ETC) of the granular media and plays an important role in geo-environmental engineering, earth and planetary science, and composite engineering applications [3][4][5][6]. The effective thermal conductivity (ETC) of soils is influenced by many different factors such as saturation, dry density, particle size, gradation, mineralogical composition, packing geometry, temperature and particle bonding.…”
The effective thermal conductivity (ETC) of soil is an essential parameter for the design and unhindered operation of underground energy transportation and storage systems. Various experimental, empirical, semi-empirical, mathematical, and numerical methods have been tried in the past, but lack either accuracy or are computationally cumbersome. The recent developments in computer science provided a new computational approach, the neural networks, which are easy to implement, faster, versatile, and reasonably accurate. In this study, we present three classes of neural networks based on different network constructions, learning and computational strategies to predict the ETC of the soil. A total of 384 data points are collected from literature, and the three networks, Artificial neural network (ANN), group method of data handling (GMDH) and gene expression programming (GEP), are constructed and trained. The best accuracy of each network is measured with the coefficient of determination (R2) and found to be 91.6, 83.2 and 80.5 for ANN, GMDH and GEP, respectively. Furthermore, two sands with 80% and 99% quartz content are measured, and the best performing network from each class of ANN, GMDH and GEP is independently validated. The GEP model provided the best estimate for 99% quartz sand and GMDH with 80%.
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