Experimental assessment of sealer bio ceramic wall matching in fi rst and third apical areas by scanning electron microscope

Abstract

In 2014, over 180 thousand hectares and 1.223 million tons of Maize produced in Iran. However Iran is a major importer of Maize in the world. Kermanshah is located in Western Iran and Maize is the most important crop after wheat. Maize production in this province has two major problems: water shortage caused and low percentage of organic matter in soil. In this research, effects of vermicompost and Azotobacter as a boi-fertilizers and chemical fertilizers on yield and yield components of Maize under normal and defi cit irrigation was investigated in two sites in 2014 and 2015. Site included normal irrigation and defi cient irrigation (65% optimum water requirement) and each site was conducted as the factorial split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments included Azotobacter in the main plots (non-inoculation and inoculation), vermicompost (consuming 0, 2, 4 and 6 ton/ha) and chemical fertilizers included N,P,K in tree levels (100% recommendation based on soil test, 50% recommendation and no fertilizer) in the sub plots. Results showed that grain yield, 1000 kernels weight, number of kernels per row, number of kernels per ear and plant height were decreased by defi cient irrigation. Use of Azotobacter and vermicompost signifi cantly increased these traits in normal and defi cit irrigation, Results also showed that using 6 ton/ha of vermicompost and Azotobacter in soil, 50% of the corn fertilizer supplied. The results showed that combined use of bio-fertilizers with chemical fertilizers increased the yield and yield component. Therefore the uses of biological fertilizers signifi cantly reduce the consumption of chemical fertilizers and reduce the adverse environmental effects. So biofertilizers could be considered as a suitable substitute for chemical nitrogen fertilizer in organic agricultural systems. On the other hand from this experiment, application of vermicompost in combination with chemical fertilizers showed better performance than only chemical fertilizers, even in 100% recommendation based on soil test treatments.