“…A simple thermodynamic model presented by Astarita et al (1983) (see Section 4.2.4.2) for the gas treatment process has been applied in some non-equilibrium rate-based models for hot PC process; for example, in the works of Joshi et al (1981), Sanyal et al (1988), Rao (1990Rao ( , 1991, and Rahimpour and Kashkooli (2004). In addition, Suenson et al (1985), Marini et al (1985), and Todinca et al (2007) used a similar simple approach by unity activity coefficients. Rahimpour and Kashkooli (2004) developed a comprehensive model for the absorption of carbon dioxide into promoted PC solution by three types of promoters for comparing their effectiveness in carbon dioxide removal at identical operating conditions; DEA, MEA, and methyl amino ethanol (MAE).…”