Experimental and theoretical investigation of molecular structure and conformation of the 4-isopropylthioxanthone

Thioxanthone (TX) and its derivatives have broad application prospects for their excellent absorption properties in the near UV range, high hydrogen scavenging capacity and ease of adjusting with LED light source. Herein, N-(9-oxo-9H-thioxanthen-2-yl)acrylamide (TXAM) was designed and synthesized as a LED-sensitive photoinitiator. TXAM exhibited a maximum absorption band matched with the LED emission spectra (e. g., 385-405 nm). Its properties were investigated via density functional theory (DFT) calculations and experiments. The results suggested that TXAM could efficiently initiate free radical polymerization as a sole-component photoinitiator upon LED irradiation; Meanwhile, a two-component system with an iodonium salt could initiate cationic polymerization and free radical/cationic hydric photopolymerization. It also could be used for deep curing system to make the interpenetrated polymer network materials.

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“…The results were summarized in Table 2. It gives simulated wavelength in good agreement with the experimental spectra (λ max ) [33,34] …”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 72%

“…It gives simulated wavelength in good agreement with the experimental spectra (λ max ). [33,34] The S 0 !S 1 transition was mainly from HOMO to LUMO and the S 0 !S 3 transition was mainly from HOMO to LUMO + 1 for TXAM and ITX. Their corresponding electron cloud distributions are shown in Figure 2.…”

Section: Light Absorption Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

N‐(9‐Oxo‐9H‐thioxanthen‐2‐yl) acrylamide as a Versatile Photoinitiator for Photopolymerization

Yang

Guo

et al. 2022

ChemistrySelect

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“…It gives simulated wavelength in good agreement with the experimental spectra ( λ max ). [ 34,35 ] The S1 states for TXNBA and ITX are each dominated by π – π * transition, shown in Figure .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photophysical/Photochemical, Kinetic, and Migration Stability Studies of One‐Component Polymerizable Thioxanthone‐Based Photoinitiators

Zhang

et al. 2021

Macro Chemistry & Physics

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Herein, N‐benzyl‐N‐(9‐oxo‐9H‐thioxanthen‐2‐yl)acrylamide (TXNBA) is designed and synthesized as one‐component polymerizable photoinitiator (PI). It is investigated in terms of its photophysical/photochemical, kinetic, and migration stability properties by ultraviolet‐visible spectrophotometer, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, and EPR spin trapping experiments. In conjunction with the experimental studies, series of density functional theory calculations are performed and various photophysical and photochemical properties are computationally calculated and visualized. The photolysis and photoinitiation mechanism of TXNBA is clarified. Comparison of the results of 2‐isopropylthioxanthone (ITX) system has shown that TXNBA is an efficient one‐component polymerizable PI with excellent migration stability. The photoinitiator's migration ratio of TXNBA system to ITX system is 8.52%.

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“…However, for ITX and perylene, the sensitization effect was impaired at a higher concentration due to the light shielding effect of the sensitizers at an excessive concentration of the sensitizer. The absorption wavelength ranges for ITX, perylene, and Ivocerin were 305 nm to 385 nm, 400 nm to 550 nm, and 340 nm to 460 nm, respectively [ 93 , 94 , 95 ]. Xin et al [ 65 ] examined the effect of three near-infrared (NIR) sensitizers, i.e., IR-1, IR-2 and IR-3, on epoxy E51-based FP.…”

Section: Materials In Fpmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on Frontal Polymerization Behavior for Thermosetting Resins: Materials, Modeling and Application

Luo,

Ma,

Cui

2024

Polymers

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The traditional curing methods for thermosetting resins are energy-inefficient and environmentally unfriendly. Frontal polymerization (FP) is a self-sustaining process relying on the exothermic heat of polymerization. During FP, the external energy input (such as UV light input or heating) is only required at the initial stage to trigger a localized reaction front. FP is regarded as the rapid and energy-efficient manufacturing of polymers. The precise control of FP is essential for several manufacturing technologies, such as 3D printing, depending on the materials and the coupling of thermal transfer and polymerization. In this review, recent progress on the materials, modeling, and application of FP for thermosetting resins are presented. First, the effects of resin formulations and mixed fillers on FP behavior are discussed. Then, the basic mathematical model and reaction-thermal transfer model of FP are introduced. After that, recent developments in FP-based manufacturing applications are introduced in detail. Finally, this review outlines a roadmap for future research in this field.

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Experimental and theoretical investigation of molecular structure and conformation of the 4-isopropylthioxanthone

Cited by 10 publications

References 33 publications

N‐(9‐Oxo‐9H‐thioxanthen‐2‐yl) acrylamide as a Versatile Photoinitiator for Photopolymerization

N‐(9‐Oxo‐9H‐thioxanthen‐2‐yl) acrylamide as a Versatile Photoinitiator for Photopolymerization

Photophysical/Photochemical, Kinetic, and Migration Stability Studies of One‐Component Polymerizable Thioxanthone‐Based Photoinitiators

Review on Frontal Polymerization Behavior for Thermosetting Resins: Materials, Modeling and Application

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