Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of the Mechanisms of Drying During CO2 injection into Saline Reservoirs

Abstract

A viable CO2 storage resource must have sufficient storage capacity, reliable containment efficiency and adequate well injectivity. Deep saline formations stand out in terms of storage capacity and containment efficiency. However, formation brine dry-out and salt precipitation in the near well region could impair CO2 injectivity in deep saline reservoirs, thus reducing their potential for CO2 storage. Core-flood experiments and analytical modelling were used to investigate various mechanisms of external and internal salt precipitation. Particularly, the impact of the extension of the dry-out region on CO2 injectivity was investigated. It was found that, for high permeability rocks, injection of CO2 at relatively low injection rates could result in salt cake deposition at the injection inlet especially under high salinity conditions. It was also found that extension of the dry-out region does not have significant impact on CO2 injectivity. Although the magnitude of CO2 injectivity impairment increased more than two-fold when initial brine salinity doubled, the development of CO2 injectivity was found to be independent of initial brine salinity. We have shown that the bundle-of-tubes model could provide useful insight into the process of brine vaporization and salt deposition in the dry-out region during CO2 injection. This work provides vital understanding of the effect of salt precipitation on CO2 injectivity.

Exact Solution for Water Evaporation During CO2 Injection

“…Evaporation of porous media has garnered significant attention as a result of its wide applicability to engineering processes. Both the precipitation of salts and the detachment and capture of small particles have been observed experimentally for sandstone cores (Sokama‐Neuyam et al., 2023). Results have shown that not only do both of these processes result in a decrease in permeability (leading to lower injectivity for CO 2 storage wells), but that these processes can influence each other over the course of injection due to their combined effect on the pore space geometry (Yusof et al., 2022).…”