Experimental and simulation study of liquid coolant battery thermal management system for electric vehicles: A review

Abstract

Summary Lithium‐ion batteries are among the most commonly used batteries to produce power for electric vehicles, which leads to the higher needs for battery thermal management system (BTMS). There are many key concerning points for the users of these batteries, which include reliability, safety, life cycle, and the operating temperature of the batteries. It is known through review that water is the best coolant for batteries, in which the maximum temperature was 43.3°C while the temperature of the coolant was 30°C during the discharge rate of battery pack at 4 C. An effective cooling system is necessary in prolonging the battery life, which controls the temperature difference between the batteries and the peak temperature of the battery. This review paper aims to summarize the recent published papers on battery liquid‐cooling systems, which include: battery pack design, liquid‐cooling system classification, and coolant performance. Furthermore, this study discusses other factors related to the recent studies, such as the properties and applications of different liquid coolants (oil and water) under the classification of liquid‐cooling system and the difference between passive and active, indirect and direct, and external and internal cooling systems are discussed. Moreover, this paper investigates the effect of temperature on the performance of battery in three aspects: low, high, and differential temperatures. Moreover, the study provides a systematic review of liquid‐based systems for direct and indirect contact modes.

Battery Performance and Cost Modeling for Electric-Drive Vehicles (A Manual for BatPaC v5.0)

“…BatPaC assumes additional components outside the pack are required to manage the coolant. These components include pumps to circulate the coolant, a heat exchanger (chiller) to transfer the thermal energy from the coolant to the refrigerant loop, and valving on the refrigerant line from the AC unit [19]. The mass, volume, and cost of these additional components are determined based on the cooling requirements within the pack.…”

“…The baseline thermal system cost depends on the cooling requirements of the pack and is discussed in Section 8.3. It includes pumps to circulate the coolant, a heat exchanger (chiller) to transfer the thermal energy from the coolant to the refrigerant loop, and valving on the refrigerant line from the AC unit [19]. The heating system is assumed to either be a positive thermal coefficient (PTC) heater or a flexible mat heater.…”

Advanced Engineering Materials for Enhancing Thermal Management and Thermal Safety of Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Review

“…The disadvantage of the mineral oil coolant is that it needs a high flow rate to achieve the ideal cooling effect, which increases energy consumption. Moreover, silicone oils and mineral oils are typically flammable, hence a coolant leakage will significantly increase the risk of combustion and explosion of the module (Ulrych et al, 2014;Kalaf et al, 2021). Combining the above factors, the antifreeze-cooled battery system shows advantages from the perspective of low temperature and thermal conductivity.…”

Evaluation on thermal performance of liquid‐cooling structures for high‐power lithium‐ion battery pack

“…If the lithium-ion battery undergoes high temperature, its capacity will drop to a certain extent, shortening its cycle life. 31 So the maximum temperature allowed in the battery pack is 40 C, and the index is T max ≤ 40 C.…”