Experimental and Numerical Investigations of the Development of Residual Stresses in Thermo-Mechanically Processed Cr-Alloyed Steel 1.3505

Abstract

Residual stresses in components are a central issue in almost every manufacturing process, as they influence the performance of the final part. Regarding hot forming processes, there is a great potential for defining a targeted residual stress state, as many adjustment parameters, such as deformation state or temperature profile, are available that influence residual stresses. To ensure appropriate numerical modeling of residual stresses in hot forming processes, comprehensive material characterization and suitable multiscale Finite Element (FE) simulations are required. In this paper, experimental and numerical investigations of thermo-mechanically processed steel alloy 1.3505 (DIN 100Cr6) are presented that serve as a basis for further optimization of numerically modeled residual stresses. For this purpose, cylindrical upsetting tests at high temperature with subsequently cooling of the parts in the media air or water are carried out. Additionally, the process is simulated on the macroscale and compared to the results based on the experimental investigations. Therefore, the experimentally processed specimens are examined regarding the resulting microstructure, distortions, and residual stresses. For the investigation on a smaller scale, a numerical model is set up based on the state-data of the macroscopic simulation and experiments, simulating the transformation of the microstructure using phase-field theory and FE analysis on micro- and meso-scopic level.

Residual stresses in hot bulk formed parts: two-scale approach for austenite-to-martensite phase transformation

“…Thereto, an incorporation of kinetic effects of phase transformation has to be considered. Furthermore, the interested reader is kindly referred to Behrens et al [4] for details on the experimental and numerical background.…”

“…Additionally, temperature dependent material parameters used to simulate the cooling process are calibrated. The calibration is done by relating the simulated curves to material data, which is provided from the Institute of Forming Technology and Machines, Leibniz University Hannover, e.g., Behrens et al [4]. For the proposed model, studies regarding the finite element discretization as well as the time step size are presented in Sect.…”

Strategies for residual stress adjustment in bulk metal forming

“…An interesting material-dependent behaviour is also observed in hot forging. In [36], the bearing steel 1.3505 was investigated in comparison with the tempering steel 1.7225. The geometry of the work piece analysed in this study is shown in Fig.…”

“…From an engineering point of view, heating the workpiece prior to the forming process offers an important advantage: all previously prevailing stresses in the material are substantially relieved as a result of the recrystallization and a new residual stress profile can be generated in the process. In addition to the process parameters such as forming speed and degree of deformation, the forming temperature and the cooling route also has an influence on the arising residual stresses [36].…”

Numerical Study on Thermodynamic Behavior during Selective Laser Melting of 24CrNiMo Alloy Steel

“…The physical properties of 24CrNiMo alloy steel vary significantly with temperature, which should be considered in the simulation. In this paper, the temperature-dependent physical properties of 24CrNiMo alloy steel in solid state are obtained by the commercial software JMatPro (version 9.0, Sente Software Ltd., Surrey, UK ), which is a powerful and integrated software for material properties simulation [18][19][20], as shown in Figure 3.…”