Experimental and numerical investigation on energy absorbing characteristics of empty and cellular filled composite crash boxes

Özen, İsmail; Gedikli, Hasan; Aslan, Mustafa

doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.116315

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…The TPMS structures were modeled using tetrahedral solid elements. The structure was placed between two rigid plates, and the top plate was moved downward at a uniform velocity of 1 m/s along the Z-direction, fixing the other directional degrees of freedom [36,37]. The bottom plate was fixed for all degrees of freedom.…”

Section: Numerical Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The force-displacement curves obtained from static compression tests are important for evaluating the energy absorption capacity of TPMS structures. The typical force-displacement curve was divided into three regions: pre-damage, progressive damage, and densification [37]. Various parameters are utilized to analyze the efficiency of energy-absorbing structures, including specific energy absorption (SEA), energy absorption (EA), peak crushing force (PCF), average crushing force (MCF), and crushing force efficiency (CFE).…”

Section: Determination Of Energy Absorbing Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Deformation and Energy Absorption Performance of Functionally Graded TPMS Structures Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting

Song,

Wang,

et al. 2024

Applied Sciences

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Triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures have unique geometries and excellent mechanical properties, which have attracted much attention in many fields. However, the relationship between different filling forms and different directions of functionally graded TPMS structures on energy absorption has not been fully studied. In this study, a functionally graded strategy was proposed to investigate the effect of filling form and direction gradient on the energy absorption of TPMS structures. The design of functionally graded Gyroid and Diamond TPMS cellular structures with multiple forms was characterized, and the structures were fabricated using additive manufacturing technology. The effects of uniformity and different directional gradients on the deformation and energy absorption properties of the structures were studied experimentally and numerically. According to the compression test results, it was found that different filling forms of the TPMS structure behave differently in terms of yield plateau and deformation pattern, and the sheet structures can develop a better deformation pattern to enhance energy absorption capacity. Functionally graded sheet Diamond TPMS cellular structures along the compression direction exhibit a 32% reduction in initial peak force, providing more advantages in structural deformation and energy absorption. More closely, it is possible to further reduce the initial peak force, delay the densification point, and thus increase the energy absorption capacity by designing functionally graded sheet Diamond TPMS based cellular structures. The results of this study provide valuable guidance for the design of high-performance impact-protection components.

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Section: Numerical Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Determination Of Energy Absorbing Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deformation and Energy Absorption Performance of Functionally Graded TPMS Structures Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting

Song,

Wang,

et al. 2024

Applied Sciences

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“…Recently, composites have been widely used in a variety of industries, including the automotive [1][2][3], aerospace [4][5][6], and civil engineering [7][8][9] sectors, due to their high specific strength, corrosion resistance, energy absorption capability, and flexible design. In the transportation field, in recent decades, there has been a growing interest among researchers and industries in the evolution of passive safety systems [10][11][12][13][14]. Population growth, the expansion of suburban areas, and urbanisation are contributing to an uncontrolled increase in traffic volume in metropolitan areas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural Fibre and Hybrid Composite Thin-Walled Structures for Automotive Crashworthiness: A Review

Capretti,

Del Bianco,

Giammaria

et al. 2024

Materials

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Natural fibres, valued for their low density, cost-effectiveness, high strength-to-weight ratio, and efficient energy absorption, are increasingly emerging as alternatives to synthetic materials in green composites. Although they cannot fully replace synthetic counterparts, like carbon, in structural applications due to their inferior mechanical performance, combining them through hybridization presents a potential solution. This approach promotes a balance between environmental benefits and mechanical efficiency. Recently, the transportation sector has shifted its focus towards delivering lightweight and crashworthy composite structures to improve vehicle performance, address safety concerns, and minimise environmental impact through the use of eco-friendly materials. The crashworthiness of energy absorbers, typically thin-walled structures, is influenced by several factors, including their material and geometric design. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of recent studies focused on the crashworthiness of fibre-reinforced, thin-walled composites under axial crushing. It explores different aspects, such as their materials, cross-sections, stacking sequences, triggering or filling mechanisms, and the effect of loading rate speed. Emphasis is placed on natural-fibre-based materials, including a comparative analysis of synthetic ones and their hybridization. The primary objective is to review the progress of solutions using green composites as energy absorbers in the automotive industry, considering their lightweight design, crashworthiness, and environmental sustainability.

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“…The use of epoxy-based resin doubled the impact energy absorption of carbon fiber-reinforced (CFR) tubes compared to vinyl ester-based resin [15]. Recent structural enhancements of crush tubes include origami-shaped tubes [16,17] or origami prefolded cores [18], bio-inspired designs [19,20], multi-layered walls, and nesting of tubes or fillings, made of either the same or other, sometimes advanced materials such as printed materials [21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30]. These enhancements are often ahead of the commercial deployment, such as evidenced by Chen et al's [10,31] recent report on their research and development efforts in characterizing hybridized CFRP/GFRP crash boxes with the end goal of providing practical guidelines for Chang Chun Railways Vehicle Co.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Dynamic Energy Absorption in Carbon/Aramid Composite Tubes with Axially Graded Impedance

Lau,

Kok,

Ul Haque

et al. 2023

Int. J. Adv. Sci. Eng. Inf. Technol.

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This study investigated the effects of carbon-aramid arrangement and strain rate on crush tube energy absorption. Round composite tubes, each consisting of three layers of fabric, were made using four different carbon-aramid hybridization schemes. Hand lay-up and compression bladder molding were used in the fabrication process. In two hybridization schemes, carbon-aramid fabrics were arranged to evaluate the effect of axially graded impedance relative to the tube impact end. Static crush and low-velocity impact (LVI) tests were conducted, and the force-displacement responses, energy absorption characteristics, and failure modes were compared. Test results revealed that energy absorption was 20% to 60% higher in the low-velocity impact test than in static crush, regardless of the hybridization schemes. In both tests, material arrangement played a surprisingly important role that was comparable to the tube carbon content in energy absorption. Maximum specific energy absorption of 26.21 kJ/kg was obtained in the hybridization scheme with the low impedance at the initiator end, with increasing impedance towards the impact end. This amount of specific energy absorption is almost equivalent to the other hybridization scheme that has twice the carbon fiber content. This scheme facilitated initial damage modes that favored progressive folding in the rest of the tube. This study presents the idea of enhancing the crashworthiness of crash boxes using axially graded impedance material arrangement. It is recommended that the idea be subjected to more testing for verification and potential commercialization.

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Experimental and numerical investigation on energy absorbing characteristics of empty and cellular filled composite crash boxes

Cited by 8 publications

References 42 publications

Deformation and Energy Absorption Performance of Functionally Graded TPMS Structures Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting

Deformation and Energy Absorption Performance of Functionally Graded TPMS Structures Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting

Natural Fibre and Hybrid Composite Thin-Walled Structures for Automotive Crashworthiness: A Review

Enhanced Dynamic Energy Absorption in Carbon/Aramid Composite Tubes with Axially Graded Impedance

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