Experimental and numerical investigation of magneto-plasma optical properties toward measurements of opacity relevant for compact binary objects

Abstract

Electromagnetic transients known as kilonovae (KN), are among the photonic messengers released in the post-merger phase of compact binary objects, for example, binary neutron stars, and they have been recently observed as the electromagnetic counterpart of related gravitational-wave (GW) events. Detection of the KN signal plays a fundamental role in the multi-messenger astronomy entering in a sophisticated GW-detecting network. The KN light curve also delivers precious information on the composition and dynamics of the neutron-rich post-merger plasma ejecta (relying on r-process nucleosynthesis yields). In this sense, studying KN becomes of great relevance for nuclear astrophysics. Because of the highly heterogeneous composition, plasma opacity has a great impact both on radiative transport and spectroscopic observation of KN. Theoretical models attempting in encoding the opacity of this system often fail, due to the complexity of blending plethora of both light- and heavy-r nuclei transition lines, requesting for more complete atomic database. Trapped magneto-plasmas conceived in PANDORA could answer to these requests, allowing experimental in-laboratory measurements of optical properties and opacities, at plasma electron densities and temperatures resembling early-stage plasma ejecta’s conditions, contributing to shed light on r-process metallic species abundance at the blue-KN diffusion time. A numerical study has been recently performed, supporting the choice of first physics cases to be investigated and the design of the experimental setup. In this article, we report on the feasibility of metallic plasmas on the basis of the results from the systematic numerical survey on optical spectra computed under non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE) for several light-r nuclei. Results show the great impact of the NLTE regime of laboratory magneto-plasmas on the gray opacity contribution contrasted with those under the astrophysical LTE assumption. A first experimental attempt of reproducing ejecta plasma conditions has been performed on the operative Flexible Plasma Trap (FPT) at the INFN-LNS and here presented, together with first plasma characterization of density and temperature, via non-invasive optical emission spectroscopy (OES). The measured plasma parameters have supported numerical simulations to explore optical properties of NLTE gaseous and metallic plasmas, in view of the near-future plasma opacity measurements through spectroscopic techniques. The novel work so far performed on these under-dense and low-temperature magneto-plasmas, opens the route for the first-time to future in-laboratory plasma opacity measurements of metallic plasma species relevant for KN light curve studies.

On the impact of compact binary merger ejecta opacity on Kilonova transient signals

“…Plasma ejecta density condition of 10 16÷18 m −3 are clearly fulfilled, independently on the RF power. The relative error calculated on the measurements is at most within the 50 % [11].…”

“…Resulting data are summarily shown in Fig. 1(b), with more details on the experimental setup, configurations, and data analysis available in [11]. The peculiar distribution of the measured average electron temperatures (z-axis) and densities (y-axis) of plasmas explored as a function of microwave power (x-axis) is very promising in resembling the astrophysical conditions, desired to perform opacity measurements in the framework of the KNe.…”

“…The study opened the route to experimental measurements connecting nucleosynthesis (r-process), plasma physics, and nuclear astrophysics in the multi-messenger astronomy era. Experimental progresses have been done in terms of plasma parameters characterization via OES techniques as a function of several plasma source parameters [11], the summary of which is presented in the following section.…”

A new approach to β-decays studies impacting nuclear physics and astrophysics: The PANDORA setup

“…Preliminary work has been already carried out in the framework of the PANDORA collaboration to support first-of-its-kind experimental measurements of plasma opacity with in-laboratory plasmas resembling these KN-stage conditions. In this view, the results of recently performed experiments at the INFN-LNS to reproduce stable early-stage ejecta thermodynamical conditions of under-dense and low-temperature plasmas are reported in [28]. These are the grounds to tackle the astrophysical problem in laboratory plasmas with an interdisciplinary approach.…”

Metal evaporation dynamics in electron cyclotron resonance ion sources: plasma role in the atom diffusion, ionisation, and transport

“…Moreover, novel upcoming ECR plasma facilities, as the Plasmas for Astrophysics, Nuclear Decays Observation and Radiation for Archaeometry (PANDORA) plasma trap [12], will be employed to carry out interdisciplinary research spanning from nuclear physics to astrophysics, where inplasma high charge states of metallic ion species are demanded. In this context, the vapourisation of trans-iron metallic elements (most of them involved in stellar nucleosynthesis [13,14]) will represent a crucial aspect, with the fundamental aim of increasing the overall plasmization efficiency of the produced vapours. PANDORA is an INFN-leaded project [15] and on-construction plasma-based research infrastructure at the INFN-LNS aiming at measuring, for the first time, possible variations of in-plasma β-decay lifetimes-as expected from theoretical works [16]-for isotopes of astrophysical interest.…”