Experimental and Artificial Intelligence Modelling Study of Oil Palm Trunk Sap Fermentation

Abstract

Five major operations for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomasses into bioethanol are pre-treatment, detoxification, hydrolysis, fermentation, and distillation. The fermentation process is a significant biological step to transform lignocellulose into biofuel. The interactions of biochemical networks and their uncertainty and nonlinearity that occur during fermentation processes are major problems for experts developing accurate bioprocess models. In this study, mechanical processing and pre-treatment on the palm trunk were done before fermentation. Analysis was performed on the fresh palm sap and the fermented sap to determine the composition. The analysis for total sugar content was done using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the percentage of alcohols by volume was determined using gas chromatography (GC). A model was also developed for the fermentation process based on the Adaptive-Network-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) combined with particle swarm optimization (PSO) to predict bioethanol production in biomass fermentation of oil palm trunk sap. The model was used to find the best experimental conditions to achieve the maximum bioethanol concentration. Graphical sensitivity analysis techniques were also used to identify the most effective parameters in the bioethanol process.

Lactic Acid Production from Old Oil Palm Trunk Sap in the Open Batch, Open Repeated Batch, Fed-Batch, and Repeated Fed-Batch Fermentation by Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 10863

“…Because sucrose was decomposed into glucose and fructose, the amount of these two sugars increased while sucrose was reduced in the OPT sap. The composition of OPT juice varies with the variety, soil, climate, locality, processed method, and storage time [18]. OPT sap also contained some minerals, such as P (0.257 ± 0.009 g/L), Na (0.257 ± 0.080 g/L), K (1.676 ± 0.417 g/L), Mg (0.503 ± 0.145 g/L), Ca (0.488 ± 0.150 g/L), and S (0.694 ± 0.218 g/L) (Table 1).…”

“…OPT contains fibrous materials which can be used in many industries, such as plywood, laminated veneer lumber, woodcement composites, gypsum board, pulp and paper making, animal feeds, and other value-added products [14,15]. The squeezed sap from old OPT contained mainly glucose, fructose, sucrose, and small amounts of galactose, xylose, and rhamnose, whose total amounts varied between 16.97-140 g/L [16][17][18]. Additionally, oil palm sap contains minerals, vitamins, organic acids, and amino acids [15,19].…”

Effect of chemical steeping on yields of glucose and xylose from dilute acid hydrolysis of extract from oil palm trunk

“…Glucose and xylose can be extracted from OPT through acid hydrolysis (Amirkhani et al 2015;Zadegan et al 2021). The hydrolysis of lignocellulose involves the hydrolysis of the glycosidic bonds of polysaccharides, depolymerizing it to monosaccharide sugar.…”

Potential of polyhydroxyalkanoate and nanocellulose from oil palm trunk as raw materials for additive manufacturing: A review

“…Recently, research into extracting sugar from oil palm trunk (OPT) has received a lot of attention for ethanol production and fermentation. [19][20][21] The abundant availability of OPT as a feedstock or carbon source for PHA with high-moisture content of (70%-85%). Moreover, the underutilization of OPT in the industry due to its application limitations in composite manufacturing or primarily in mulching are all compelling reasons for using OPT as a feedstock or carbon source for PHA.…”