Experimental analysis of tyre-enveloping characteristics at low speed

Finite element modeling of static tire enveloping characteristics

“…Additionally, contact patch shapes of the tire for different vertical loads are shown to confirm distinctive characteristics of the radial tires over the bias-ply constructions. Previous experiments (Alkan et al, 2009) measured the response of a worn 155/80R13 tire with a maximum vertical load of 4220 N and maximum inflation pressure of 220 kPa on three different cleats. They included a rectangular cleat that awas 12.7 mm (0.50 in) high and 50.8 mm (2 in) wide, a circular cleat with a diameter of 25.4 mm (1 in), and a triangular cleat that was 18 mm (0.71 in) high with an apex angle of 90º.…”

“…After a certain displacement, the tire swallows the cleat completely, and it behaves as if it were on a flat surface. In the experimental study by Alkan et al (2009), a 37 mm displacement is the point at which all vertical force curves intersect; with the proposed model, an approximate displacement of 42 mm is determined in Table 4. Also, corresponding vertical force values are given in the table.…”

“…It is shown that up to a certain vertical displacement of the tire, the proposed model yields satisfactory results when compared to experimental results. In addition, like the experimental observations mentioned by Alkan et al (2009), for the static tire enveloping characteristics, regardless of the type of the cleat placed under the hub center, all vertical force curves intersect after a certain displacement depending on the inflation pressure, which had not been shown numerically in the literature. Moreover, another typical characteristic of radial tires different from bias-ply constructions is confirmed: the footprint area of the tire does not expand laterally after a certain vertical load, which is related to the fuel consumption and tire tread life, is applied to the tire.…”

“…Rubber materials and cord layers are represented independently using "rebar" elements available in MSC Marc Mentat (2005). To validate the results of the proposed model, experimental results obtained by Alkan et al (2009) and Alkan (2008) are used. It is shown that up to a certain vertical displacement of the tire, the proposed model yields satisfactory results when compared to experimental results.…”

Genotoxic Effects of Mycotoxins: Review

“…12,13 Bu bağlamda da Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Çevre Koruma Ajansı "United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)", Ekonomik İş Birliği ve Kalkınma Örgütü "Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)", Uluslararası Uyum Konferansı "International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH)" gibi çeşitli kuruluşlar tarafından, belirli sıklıklarla gün-cellenen genotoksisite izleme rehberleri yayımlan-maktadır. 13 Mevcut kılavuzlarda, genotoksik etkinin değerlendirilmesine yönelik belirlenen standart test sistemi iki seçenek sunmaktadır: b) Genotoksisitenin in vivo olarak iki farklı dokuda değerlendirilmesi: sıklıkla kemirgen hematopoetik hücreleri ile yapılan mikronükleus testi ve ikinci bir in vivo test (genellikle karaciğer dokusunda DNA zincir kırıklarının belirlenmesi).…”