Experimental analysis of individual EMF exposure for GSM/UMTS/WLAN user devices

Popović, Milica; Koprivica, Mladen; Milinković, Jelena; Nešković, Aleksandar N.

doi:10.1007/s12243-018-0679-7

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The exposure to RF-EMFs has been analysed for various transfer protocols (2G to 5G) and for the technical features of the corresponding HHD ( Table 7 ) [ 35 , 36 , 38 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 ]. TDs work in the data transfer mode and are not used for voice calls.…”

Section: Exposure and Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…TDs work in the data transfer mode and are not used for voice calls. In general, the data traffic was found to quire higher output levels in comparison to voice calls [ 35 , 36 ], but these measurements were undertaken for the transfer of larger data files or video files (e.g., 40 MB with a transmission duration of approximately 30 s, [ 36 ]; video files with 640 p × 360 p, 30 fps, 3.8 min) [ 35 ]. Two different protocols are in use for the transmission of tracking data.…”

Section: Exposure and Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Popović et al [ 35 ] determined the mean output power (mW) for data transfer for 2G and 3G devices and Persson et al [ 42 ] determined the SAR values (mW/kg) ( Table 8 ). Due to the position of the TD on collars or harnesses, which results in a smaller distance between the TD and the head of the animal, the SAR values for TDs are higher compared to the human use of HHDs during data transfer.…”

Section: Exposure and Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The data transmission mode of mobile phones was tested using the long-lasting transmission of data files (e.g., 40 MB data file with a duration of approximately 30 s, [ 36 ]; video files (640 p × 360 p, 30 fps, 3.8 min) [ 35 ]). Based on the bandwidth of the data transmission, the time taken to send an SMS message is approximately 0.1 s, and the output power is assumed to be 0.01 mW.…”

Section: Exposure and Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This calculation shows that, for many devices, a safety distance between 2 and 35 m is necessary to lower the exposure to such indoor devices to a level that is typical for ambient exposure (radios, TVs, and mobile network base stations). [35] Abbreviations: 90-p, 90th percentile; 10-p, 10th percentile.…”

Section: Exposure By Indoor Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tracking Devices for Pets: Health Risk Assessment for Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields

Klune

Arhant

Windschnurer

et al. 2021

Animals

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Every year, approximately 3% of cats and dogs are lost. In addition to passive methods for identifying pets, radiofrequency tracking devices (TDs) are available. These TDs can track a pet’s geographic position, which is transmitted by radio frequencies. The health risk to the animals from continuous exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) was reviewed. Fourteen out of twenty-one commercially available TDs use 2G, 3G, or 4G mobile networks, and the others work with public frequencies, WLAN, Bluetooth, etc. The exposure of pets to RF-EMFs was assessed, including ambient exposure (radios, TVs, and base stations of mobile networks), exposure from indoor devices (DECT, WLAN, Bluetooth, etc.), and the exposure from TDs. The exposure levels of the three areas were found to be distinctly below the International Commission on Non-Ionising Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) reference levels, which assure far-reaching protection from adverse health effects. The highest uncertainty regarding the exposure of pets was related to that caused by indoor RF-emitting devices using WLAN and DECT. This exposure can be limited considerably through a reduction in the exposure time and an increase in the distance between the animal and the RF-emitting device. Even though the total RF-EMF exposure level experienced by pets was found to be below the reference limits, recommendations were derived to reduce potential risks from exposure to TDs and indoor devices.

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