Abstract:Summary
In this paper, an attempt has been made to develop a two‐axis tracking system for solar parabolic dish concentrator and experimentally evaluated the performance of the tracking system. In this proposed design, the sensor design uses the illumination produced by the convex lens on the apex of a pyramid to align the dish in‐line with the sun. The change in incident angle of the solar rays on the lens surface shifts the area of illumination from the apex of the pyramid towards its faces. Photodiodes place… Show more
“…Compared to other solar collectors, the PDCs are the most efficient collectors due to their continuous tracking system. Compared to the collectors with the fixed surface, the continuous sun-tracking systems in PDCs will help to increase the collected solar energy by 46.46% [30]. In addition, minimum thermal losses of PDCs make them the most thermally efficient collectors among the other types [23].…”
In this study, a small-scale two-stage multi-stage flash (MSF) desalination unit equipped with a vacuum pump and a solar parabolic collector (PDC) with a conical cavity receiver were integrated. To eliminate the need for heat exchangers, a water circulation circuit was designed in a way that the saline feedwater could directly flow through the receiver of the PDC. The system’s performance was examined during six days in July 2020, from 10:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m., under two distinct scenarios of the MSF desalination operation under the vacuum (−10 kPa) and atmospheric pressure by considering three saline feedwater water flow rates of 0.7, 1 and 1.3 L/min. Furthermore, the performance of the solar PDC-MSF desalination plant was evaluated by conducting energy and exergy analyses. The results indicated that the intensity of solar radiation, which directly affects the top brine temperature (TBT), and the values of the saline feedwater flow rate have the most impact on productivity. The maximum productivity of 3.22 L per 5 h in a day was obtained when the temperature and saline feedwater flow rate were 94.25 °C (at the maximum solar radiation of 1015.3 W/m2) and 0.7 L/min, respectively, and the MSF was under vacuum pressure. Additionally, it was found that increasing the feedwater flow rate from 0.7 to 1.3 L/min reduces distillate production by 76.4% while applying the vacuum improves the productivity by about 34% at feedwater flow rate of 0.7 L/min. The exergy efficiency of the MSF unit was obtained as 0.07% with the highest share of exergy destruction in stages. The quality parameters of the produced distillate including pH, TDS, EC and DO were measured, ensuring they lie within the standard range for drinking water. Moreover, the cost of freshwater produced by the MSF plant varied from 37 US$/m3 to 1.5 US$/m3 when the treatment capacity increased to 8000 L/day.
“…Compared to other solar collectors, the PDCs are the most efficient collectors due to their continuous tracking system. Compared to the collectors with the fixed surface, the continuous sun-tracking systems in PDCs will help to increase the collected solar energy by 46.46% [30]. In addition, minimum thermal losses of PDCs make them the most thermally efficient collectors among the other types [23].…”
In this study, a small-scale two-stage multi-stage flash (MSF) desalination unit equipped with a vacuum pump and a solar parabolic collector (PDC) with a conical cavity receiver were integrated. To eliminate the need for heat exchangers, a water circulation circuit was designed in a way that the saline feedwater could directly flow through the receiver of the PDC. The system’s performance was examined during six days in July 2020, from 10:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m., under two distinct scenarios of the MSF desalination operation under the vacuum (−10 kPa) and atmospheric pressure by considering three saline feedwater water flow rates of 0.7, 1 and 1.3 L/min. Furthermore, the performance of the solar PDC-MSF desalination plant was evaluated by conducting energy and exergy analyses. The results indicated that the intensity of solar radiation, which directly affects the top brine temperature (TBT), and the values of the saline feedwater flow rate have the most impact on productivity. The maximum productivity of 3.22 L per 5 h in a day was obtained when the temperature and saline feedwater flow rate were 94.25 °C (at the maximum solar radiation of 1015.3 W/m2) and 0.7 L/min, respectively, and the MSF was under vacuum pressure. Additionally, it was found that increasing the feedwater flow rate from 0.7 to 1.3 L/min reduces distillate production by 76.4% while applying the vacuum improves the productivity by about 34% at feedwater flow rate of 0.7 L/min. The exergy efficiency of the MSF unit was obtained as 0.07% with the highest share of exergy destruction in stages. The quality parameters of the produced distillate including pH, TDS, EC and DO were measured, ensuring they lie within the standard range for drinking water. Moreover, the cost of freshwater produced by the MSF plant varied from 37 US$/m3 to 1.5 US$/m3 when the treatment capacity increased to 8000 L/day.
“…However, for up down movement of the dish elevation tracking is used in which angle varies from 0° to 90° . 94 The solar declination angle (δ) varies continuously through the year depending upon seasons 46 . The typical layout of the dual axis racking system is shown in Figure 22.…”
Section: Design Development and Performance Evaluation Of Csp‐dssmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…On the basis of movement, the solar trackers are classified as single axis and dual axis, on the basis of operation, they can be classified as continuous and discrete tracking systems. The single axis and dual axis trackers are further classified on the basis of their installation; that is, Horizontal Single Axis Tracking system (HSAT), Vertical Single Axis Tracking system (VSAT), Tilted Single Axis Tracking system (TSAT), Polar Aligned Single Axis Tracking system (PASAT), Tip‐Tilt Dual Axis Tracker (TTDAT), and Azimuth‐Altitude Dual Axis Tracker (AADAT) as illustrated in Figure 23 94‐96 …”
Section: Design Development and Performance Evaluation Of Csp‐dssmentioning
Summary
The intensity of the solar radiations falling on the earth surface ranges between 5 and 7.5 kWh/m2/day. For the non‐directed solar thermal application, higher intensity level is required. The Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) technology incorporating reflecting mirrors reinforces the solar radiations with high intensity. It is suitable for various applications; that is, space heating, space cooling, and cooking, steam, and power generation without any polluted emissions. Meanwhile, among the various CSP technologies, the Concentrating Solar Parabolic Dish Stirling engine System (CSP‐DSS) has got attention of the research community due to its various attractive features. The output power and efficiency of the CSP‐DSS depend upon their geometrical, optical, and operating parameters. It is therefore, necessary to mathematically investigate the influence of these parameters on system performance before its design and installation. In the existing literature reported, only some specific parameters of the CSP‐DSS have been focused and considered to investigate the system performance. To the best of author's knowledge, no literature has been found to provide the mathematical modeling of all the system parameters in a single manuscript to study and investigate their influence on the system performance. Hence, this review article aims to compile, expansively review and organize the systematical mathematical modeling for all optical, geometrical, and operating parameters of the CSP‐DSS along with the system design methodology. Likewise, the effects of these parameters on the system output power and efficiency under various operating conditions have been investigated. In addition, comprehensive study of CSP‐DSS components along with their classification have been painstakingly discussed to determine optimal system configuration. Finally, the latest review study in the field of CSP‐DSS have been deeply and comprehensively discussed. This review study concludes that, the kinematic gamma type Stirling engine coupled with Permanent Magnet DC generator (PMDC) and Azimuth‐Altitude Dual Axis Tracker (AADAT) could be the better CSP‐DSS design and configuration in context of the standalone off‐grid electricity generation system.
“…The driver-based Sun followers are classified as: a. Passive trackers [8][9][10][11][12][13] b. Semi-Passive trackers [14][15][16][17] c. Chronological trackers 18,19 d. Manual trackers 20 e. Active trackers [21][22][23][24][25][26][27]…”
Review transcript presents copious solar tracking methods to investigate their output potential and also outline tracker type, construction, cost, and design parameter. The solar follower systems encompassed five classifications based on the tracking methods are active, passive, semi-passive, manual, and chronological tracking are also reviewed with their application and feasibility. These all method-based research paper are compared on the basis of complexity of circuit, cost, tracking based on (radiation or astronomical equation), degree of freedom, control strategy, accuracy, energy intact, power or energy gain, tracing error, and panel efficiency. Basically, one axis and two axis sun following system review revels compare study against stable system which addressed their suitability and capability of maximum energy generation and MPPT technologies.
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