“…T HERMAL management has become a significant design consideration in modern structural materials and provides an opportunity for multifunctional materials incorporating active cooling. Materials for microelectronics (Tuckerman and Pease, 1981;Wang et al, 2005, Dang et al, 2006Wei et al, 2007;Oueslati et al, 2008), high power lithium-ion power supplies (Sabbah et al, 2008), fuel cells (Park and Li, 2006;Yu and Jung, 2008), and avionic (Price, 2003) and satellite electronics (Lyall et al, 2008) all require careful thermal management for efficient operation. Reliable thermal control ensures proper function and suitable lifetime in microelectronic systems and prevents malfunctions or catastrophic failure in fuel cells and high output lithium-ion batteries.…”