Experimental acidification increases susceptibility of Mercenaria mercenaria to infection by Vibrio species

Schwaner, Caroline; Barbosa, Michelle; Connors, Peter G.; Park, Tae‐Jin; Silva, Darren de; Griffith, Andrew W.; Gobler, Christopher J.; Espinosa, Emmanuelle Pales; Allam, Bassem

doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104872

Cited by 20 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…Although juvenile and adult bivalves continue calcifying when O AR is undersaturated, their calcification rate decreases (Gazeau et al, 2007;Miller et al, 2009;Ries et al, 2009;Waldbusser et al, 2010;Melzner et al, 2011). Schwaner et al (2020) showed that larval and juvenile bivalves raised under high pCO 2 , low pH treatments (pCO 2 approximately 1166 ppm, pH ¼ 7.57) had increased susceptibility to disease and increased mortality, and Lord and Whitlatch (2014) showed that the thickness of eastern oyster shells is strongly tied to temperature (i.e., lower temperature increases pCO 2 and reduces O). If shell thickness and/or hardness are reduced (Beniash et al, 2010;Meng et al, 2018), bivalves are expected to be more susceptible to predators, such as oyster drills, and may also be less valuable to the half shell market (Mizuta and Wikfors, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of oyster aquaculture on the estuarine carbonate system

Liberti

Gray

Mayer

et al. 2022

Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene

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Many studies have examined the vulnerability of calcifying organisms, such as the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica), to externally forced ocean acidification, but the opposite interaction whereby oysters alter their local carbonate conditions has received far less attention. We present an exploratory model for isolating the impact that net calcification and respiration of aquacultured eastern oysters can have on calcite and aragonite saturation states, in the context of varying temperature, ocean-estuary mixing, and air-sea gas exchange. We apply the model to the Damariscotta River Estuary in Maine which has experienced rapid expansion of oyster aquaculture in the last decade. Our model uses oyster shell growth over the summer season and a previously derived relationship between net calcification and respiration to quantify impacts of net oyster calcification and gross metabolism on carbonate saturation states in open tidal waters. Under 2018 industry size and climate conditions, we estimate that oysters can lower carbonate saturation states by up to 5% (i.e., 0.17 and 0.11 units on calcite and aragonite saturation states, respectively) per day in late summer, with an average of 3% over the growing season. Perturbations from temperature and air-sea exchange are similar in magnitude. Under 2050 climate conditions and 2018 industry size, calcite saturation state will decrease by up to an additional 0.54 units. If the industry expands 3-fold by 2050, the calcite and aragonite saturation states may decrease by 0.73 and 0.47 units, respectively, on average for the latter half of the growing season when compared to 2018 climate conditions and industry size. Collectively, our results indicate that dense aggregations of oysters can have a significant role on estuarine carbonate chemistry.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of oyster aquaculture on the estuarine carbonate system

Liberti

Gray

Mayer

et al. 2022

Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene

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“…Further, heat stress in host organisms increases the amount of energy devoted to metabolic demands and respiration, leaving fewer resources for immunological function (Shields 2019). In the sea, ocean acidification and hypoxia further deplete host energy reserves and damage tissue, ultimately increasing susceptibility to infection (Hernroth and Baden 2018, Shields 2019, Schwaner et al 2020). These stressors often occur simultaneously, with consequences ultimately compounded (Burge et al 2014, Gobler andBaumann 2016).…”

Section: A Changing Environment: Climate Change and Disease Dynamics In The Seamentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategies for Managing Marine Disease

Glidden¹,

Field²,

Bachhuber³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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The incidence of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) has increased in wildlife populations in recent years and is expected to continue to increase with global change. Marine diseases in particular are relatively understudied compared to terrestrial disease, but they can disrupt ecosystem resilience, cause economic loss, or threaten human health. While there are many existing tools to combat the direct and indirect consequences of EIDs, these management strategies are often insufficient or ineffective in marine habitats compared to their terrestrial counterparts, often due to fundamental differences in marine and terrestrial systems. Here, we first illustrate how the marine environment and marine organism life history present challenges or opportunities for wildlife disease management. We then assess the application of common disease management strategies to marine versus terrestrial systems to identify those that may be most effective for marine disease outbreak prevention, response, and recovery. Finally, we recommend multiple actions that will enable more successful management of marine wildlife disease emergencies in the future. These include prioritizing marine disease research and understanding its links to climate change, preventatively increasing marine ecosystem health, forming better monitoring and response networks, developing marine veterinary medicine programs, and enacting policy that addresses marine and other wildlife disease. Overall, we encourage a more proactive rather than reactive approach to marine conservation in general and to marine wildlife disease in particular and emphasize that multi-disciplinary collaborations are key to managing marine wildlife health.

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“…Though not all taxa respond in the same manner to elevated p CO 2 , many bivalve mollusks exhibit metabolic depression [ 6 ] under experimental OA conditions. This depression manifests as reduced growth [ 7 , 8 ], survival [ 9 ], development [ 10 ], immunity [ 11 , 12 , 13 ], and reproduction [ 14 ]. Numerous studies have demonstrated that larval stages are most susceptible to the adverse effects of OA [ 13 , 15 , 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This depression manifests as reduced growth [ 7 , 8 ], survival [ 9 ], development [ 10 ], immunity [ 11 , 12 , 13 ], and reproduction [ 14 ]. Numerous studies have demonstrated that larval stages are most susceptible to the adverse effects of OA [ 13 , 15 , 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, whether the described effects of OA on the physiology of these organisms is the result of phenotypic plasticity and is reversible is unknown for many species, including the eastern oyster. Of the few studies examining plasticity under OA, some make use of a reciprocal transplant design [ 6 , 13 , 27 , 28 ]. The benefit of the reciprocal transplant design is that it allows for the identification of plasticity with simple physiological assays that examine recovery, while also enabling the use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies that can identify underlying molecular processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Transcriptomic Analysis of Phenotypic Plasticity in Crassostrea virginica Larvae under Experimental Acidification

Barbosa

Schwaner

Espinosa

et al. 2022

Genes

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Ocean acidification (OA) is a major threat to marine calcifiers, and little is known regarding acclimation to OA in bivalves. This study combined physiological assays with next-generation sequencing to assess the potential for recovery from and acclimation to OA in the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) and identify molecular mechanisms associated with resilience. In a reciprocal transplant experiment, larvae transplanted from elevated pCO2 (~1400 ppm) to ambient pCO2 (~350 ppm) demonstrated significantly lower mortality and larger size post-transplant than oysters remaining under elevated pCO2 and had similar mortality compared to those remaining in ambient conditions. The recovery after transplantation to ambient conditions demonstrates the ability for larvae to rebound and suggests phenotypic plasticity and acclimation. Transcriptomic analysis supported this hypothesis as genes were differentially regulated under OA stress. Transcriptomic profiles of transplanted and non-transplanted larvae terminating in the same final pCO2 converged, further supporting the idea that acclimation underlies resilience. The functions of differentially expressed genes included cell differentiation, development, biomineralization, ion exchange, and immunity. Results suggest acclimation as a mode of resilience to OA. In addition, the identification of genes associated with resilience can serve as a valuable resource for the aquaculture industry, as these could enable marker-assisted selection of OA-resilient stocks.

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Experimental acidification increases susceptibility of Mercenaria mercenaria to infection by Vibrio species

Cited by 20 publications

References 84 publications

The impact of oyster aquaculture on the estuarine carbonate system

The impact of oyster aquaculture on the estuarine carbonate system

Strategies for Managing Marine Disease

A Transcriptomic Analysis of Phenotypic Plasticity in Crassostrea virginica Larvae under Experimental Acidification

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